2. Europe and India

(1) Colonialism

• Colonialism means one country exploiting another country by making it into a colony.
• A powerful country on the basis of economic and military strength occupies another region and establishes its political supremacy.
• This tendency of colonialism eventually led to the rise of imperialism among the Europeans.

(2) Imperialism

• Imperialism means a system in which a powerful country controls other countries by establishing its overall domination and establishing many colonies.
• Many countries from the Asian and African continents fell prey to this imperialist aspiration of the European Nations.

(3) Age of Renaissance

• In the history of Europe, the last phase of the mediaeval period (i.e., 13th to 16th century) is known as the period of renaissance.
• During this period, the reformation, religious reform movement, and geographical discoveries laid the foundation of the modern era.
• Hence, this transformative period is addressed as the 'Age of Renaissance'.

(4) Capitalism

• With the discovery of new sea routes, a new era of trade began between Europe and Asia.
• Many traders came together to form Trading Companies, and trade with Oriental countries became very profitable, leading to the accumulation of wealth in Europe.
• This accumulated property was used in the form of capital for trade and commerce, which ultimately led to the rise of the capitalist economic system in Europe.

(1) Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated in the Battle of Plassey.

• The East India Company officers misused the trade concessions obtained from the Mughal Emperor in the Bengal province and built a fortification without the Nawab's permission.
• When Siraj-ud-Daulah captured the factory at Kolkata, Robert Clive diplomatically bribed Mir Jafar, the Commander-in-chief of the Nawab's army, promising to make him the Nawab of Bengal.
• Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah and the British Troops met at Plassey in 1757 AD.
• However, under the leadership of Mir Jafar, the Nawab's army made no move to actually join the battle. Because of this betrayal, Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated.