MAK LABS — CTET 8 February 2026 Paper II (Maths and Science) Question Paper with Answer Key

1.Students learn efficiently and in meaningful ways when:

(1) new concept is completely different from previously learned material.
(2) their responses and subjective experiences are attended and valued.
(3) content is presented to them in the form of incoherent pieces of information.
(4) focus is on avoiding failure instead of approaching mastery.

Why: Learning is meaningful when the teacher values students’ responses and their own experiences. Disconnected content and fear of failure work against learning.

2.In an inclusive classroom, adaptations should be made in:
(a) Learning goals
(b) Teaching-learning strategies
(c) Provisioning of support
(d) Assessment

(1) (b), (c), (d)
(2) (a), (b), (c), (d)
(3) (a), (b), (d)
(4) (a), (c), (d)

Why: In an inclusive class, the goals, the teaching strategies, the support given and the assessment can all be adapted to meet children’s needs.

3.Assertion (A): Children in middle schools should be encouraged to write about their emotions on a daily/weekly basis and reflect upon them.
Reason (R): Understanding one’s emotions is a cognitive process that can lead to action.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Writing about emotions and reflecting on them helps children understand their feelings. Understanding emotions is a thinking process that can lead to right action. So (R) explains (A).

4.Assertion (A): Teachers should avoid collaborations, group work and interactions among students.
Reason (R): Learning is a passive process and occurs most effectively through memorization and imitation.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Collaboration and group work help learning, so (A) is false. Learning is an active process, not passive memorisation, so (R) is false too.

5.Assertion (A): Diversity and inclusion improve teaching and learning.
Reason (R): Engaging in conversations across differences hinders children’s ability to think critically and creatively.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Diversity and inclusion do improve teaching and learning, so (A) is true. Talking across differences helps critical and creative thinking, so (R) is false.

6.Assertion (A): Children who are struggling with dyslexia have trouble in phonological processing that makes it hard to decode words.
Reason (R): All children benefit from being encouraged in their areas of interest and ability.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Dyslexia does involve difficulty with phonological processing, and it is true that all children benefit from encouragement in their areas of strength. But (R) does not explain (A).

7.Which of the following statements about learning is not correct?

(1) Social interaction hinders learning.
(2) The most meaningful learning occurs within real-world tasks.
(3) Learners construct knowledge that makes sense to them.
(4) New learning depends on current understanding.

Why: Social interaction helps learning; it does not hinder it. So option 1 is the incorrect statement.

8.Two commonly used strategies for effective problem-solving are:

(1) Algorithms and response set
(2) Heuristics and response set
(3) Heuristics and algorithms
(4) Heuristics and functional fixedness

Why: Algorithms (step-by-step methods) and heuristics (rules of thumb) are the two common problem-solving strategies. Response set and functional fixedness are barriers.

9.According to constructivist theorists:

(1) Children learn best when information is presented to them in a final form.
(2) Children have a tendency to behave in unruly ways that needs to be corrected.
(3) Children have a natural tendency to ‘make sense’ of the world.
(4) Children learn only when extrinsically motivated.

Why: Constructivists hold that children actively try to make sense of the world and build their own knowledge.

10.Which of the following are effective teaching strategies to cater to diverse needs of learners in a classroom?
(a) Differentiated Instruction
(b) Standardized Curriculum
(c) Individualized Education Plans

(1) (a), (c)
(2) (a), (b), (c)
(3) (a), (b)
(4) (b), (c)

Why: Differentiated instruction and Individualised Education Plans meet the needs of different learners. A standardised curriculum treats everyone the same.

11.Which of the following is not an effective strategy in problem-solving?

(1) Overlooking relevant information
(2) Breaking down complex problems into simpler parts
(3) Recognizing patterns and relationships
(4) Using logical reasoning to solve problems

Why: Overlooking relevant information leads to wrong solutions. The other three are good problem-solving strategies.

12.A teacher is designing a lesson plan for a group of students with varying levels of understanding of a topic. According to Vygotsky’s theory, which of the following should the teacher consider when designing the lesson?

(1) The teacher should consider each student’s current level of understanding and provide appropriate support to help them to reach the next level.
(2) The teacher should only focus on the students who are already at an advanced level of understanding and provide them with more challenging work.
(3) The teacher should ask each student to work individually on the specified problem.
(4) The teacher should provide all students with the same level of challenge.

Why: Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development asks the teacher to start from each child’s present level and give suitable support (scaffolding) to reach the next level.

13.Characteristics such as ‘lacking reading fluency’, ‘reversion of words’, ‘tendency towards distraction’ are typical identifying characteristics of:

(1) Dementia
(2) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(3) Dyslexia
(4) Autism Spectrum Disorder

Why: Poor reading fluency and reversing letters or words are typical signs of dyslexia.

14.Students feel more motivated to learn in an environment which ensures:
(a) Belongingness
(b) Fear
(c) Rejection
(d) Safety

(1) (b), (c)
(2) (b), (d)
(3) (a), (b)
(4) (a), (d)

Why: Children are more motivated when they feel they belong and feel safe. Fear and rejection reduce motivation.

15.When learning new information, which of the following is a helpful strategy for children to use to ensure they understand the content material?
(a) Rereading the information once
(b) Asking questions and seeking clarification
(c) Pretending to understand
(d) Making up their own meanings for unfamiliar terms

(1) (c), (d)
(2) (a), (b), (c)
(3) (a), (b)
(4) (a), (c)

Why: Rereading and asking questions to clear doubts help understanding. Pretending to understand and making up meanings do not.

16.Assertion (A): When talking about differences, expressions that put the person ahead of the difference should be used such as using ‘the student with disabilities’ rather than ‘the disabled student’.
Reason (R): The language we use when talking about learners with differing needs shapes the perspective and attitudes.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Person-first language such as ‘the student with disabilities’ is used because the words we use shape attitudes. So (R) explains (A).

17.According to Piaget when children reach the point of being able to generalize and engage in mental trial and error by thinking up hypothesis and testing them in their heads they are in:

(1) Concrete operational stage
(2) Formal operational stage
(3) Sensorimotor stage
(4) Pre-operational stage

Why: Forming hypotheses and testing them mentally is abstract, logical thinking. It belongs to Piaget’s formal operational stage.

18.National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes on transforming assessment by:

(1) incorporating self-assessment and peer-assessment
(2) practicing unitary notion of intelligence
(3) devaluing socio-cultural context of students
(4) executing summative form of assessment

Why: NEP 2020 wants assessment to be holistic, including self-assessment and peer assessment.

19.According to Jean Piaget, cognitive development:

(1) is the process of acquiring the ability to use cultural tools.
(2) is the process of adaption to the environment by changing one’s schemas.
(3) is simple addition of new facts and ideas to the existing store of information.
(4) is dependent upon the development of language capabilities.

Why: For Piaget, cognitive development is adaptation to the environment. Children change their schemas through assimilation and accommodation.

20.Following Lev Vygotsky’s ideas, a teacher decided to give hints and cues to the students who were stuck on a given problem and let the students try to solve that problem again. By doing so, teacher is practicing the concept of __________.

(1) Functional Fixedness
(2) Scaffolding
(3) Assimilation
(4) Collective monologue

Why: Giving hints and cues so that a child can solve the problem is scaffolding.

21.As per constructivist approaches of learning, learning is facilitated when:

(1) Pedagogy is teacher-centric and culturally indifferent.
(2) Tasks are incoherent and disorderly.
(3) Activities are interactive and collaborative.
(4) Content is disconnected and eccentric.

Why: Constructivism says learning is helped by interactive and collaborative activities.

22.According to Lawrence Kohlberg around which ethics do very young children’s moral reasoning revolve?

(1) Ethics of perspectives of others
(2) Ethics of laws
(3) Ethics of egocentricism
(4) Ethics of care

Why: Kohlberg found that very young children reason from their own point of view, judging right and wrong by reward and punishment to themselves. This is egocentric reasoning.

23.Which of the following does not come under the category of sensory impairments?

(1) hard of hearing
(2) partial loss of vision
(3) colour blindness
(4) dysgraphia

Why: Dysgraphia is a learning disability affecting writing. It is not a sensory impairment like hearing loss, partial vision loss or colour blindness.

24.Assertion (A): If physical development of children is delayed then their social and emotional development gets affected.
Reason (R): There is developmental continuity in the course of children’s development.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Development in one area affects other areas, and development is continuous. So a delay in physical growth can affect social and emotional development. (R) explains (A).

25.Moving from conservative education towards progressive education requires shift from __________.

(1) performance-oriented goals to mastery-oriented goals
(2) teacher-centered pedagogy to exam-centered pedagogy
(3) formative evaluation to diagnostic evaluation
(4) integrated curriculum to standardized curriculum

Why: Progressive education moves away from performance (marks and ranks) towards mastery (real understanding).

26.Rapid increase in height and weight during adolescence that usually precedes sexual maturity is referred to as:

(1) Menstruation
(2) Pubescence
(3) Growth spurt
(4) Developmental trend

Why: The rapid rise in height and weight in adolescence is called the growth spurt.

27.Assertion (A): Though height and body build are primarily inherited characteristics, good nutrition and exercise also make a difference.
Reason (R): Heredity and environment interact in their effects on development.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Heredity and environment work together. Height is inherited, but nutrition and exercise also affect it. So (R) explains (A).

28.Assertion (A): Male characters in stories and books are often presented as strong and adventurous while female characters are shown as warm and sensitive.
Reason (R): Schools and curriculum influence gender-role identity as they are powerful agents of secondary socialization.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Books and schools are agents of secondary socialisation, so the way they show male and female characters shapes gender roles. (R) explains (A).

29.A teacher should create a classroom culture where students’ motivation to learn is primarily focused to:

(1) understand and appreciate the process of learning.
(2) prove their worth to others.
(3) avoid shame of appearing ignorant.
(4) compete with each other.

Why: Motivation should come from understanding and enjoying learning itself, not from proving one’s worth or avoiding shame.

30.What is the role of peers in the socialization process?

(1) Peers are the primary agents of socialization for children.
(2) Peers have a greater influence on socialization during adolescence than during early childhood.
(3) Peers have no major influence on socialization.
(4) Peers have a minor influence on socialization compared to parents and other adults in all stages of development.

Why: Peers become more important in socialisation during adolescence than in early childhood, when family has the main influence.

31.Which of the following is an effective teaching-learning material to introduce basic concepts such as shapes, perimeter, area and characteristics of polygons?

(1) Cuisenaire rods
(2) Tangrams
(3) Geoboard
(4) Hanoi Tower

Why: A geoboard lets students make polygons with rubber bands and explore shape, perimeter and area directly.

32.If (2x − 10°) and (3x − 50°) are complementary angles, then the value of (4x + 40°) is:

(1) 160°
(2) 180°
(3) 120°
(4) 150°

Why: Complementary angles add up to 90°. So 5x − 60° = 90°, which gives x = 30°. Then 4x + 40° = 160°.

33.Which of the following statements related to project method in teaching of mathematics are correct?
(a) It is a method based on learning by doing.
(b) It is a method in which the role of the learner is minimum.
(c) It is a method which turns the learners into a discoverer.
(d) It is always based on deduction.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (c) and (d)
(2) (a) and (c)
(3) (a) and (b)
(4) (b) and (c)

Why: The project method is based on learning by doing and turns learners into discoverers. The learner’s role is central, not minimum, and it is not always deductive.

34.Tests which provide information about the relative performance of members of a specific group of students are called:

(1) Achievement tests
(2) Diagnostic tests
(3) Norm referenced tests
(4) Criterion referenced tests

Why: Norm-referenced tests compare a student’s performance with that of others in the group.

35.Which among the following is/are the purpose of formative assessment?
(a) Making assessment a part of teaching.
(b) Ranking and placement of children.
(c) Providing feedback to the children.
Choose the correct option:

(1) Only (c)
(2) (a) and (c)
(3) (a) and (b)
(4) (b) and (c)

Why: Formative assessment is part of teaching and gives feedback to children. Ranking and placement are purposes of summative assessment.

36.Which of the following measurements (in cm) can be the sides of a right triangle?

(1) 16, 30, 32
(2) 12, 50, 44
(3) 14, 50, 48
(4) 12, 20, 18

Why: 14² + 48² = 196 + 2304 = 2500 = 50². So 14, 48 and 50 can be the sides of a right triangle.

37.Renu loses 15% by selling an article A for ₹ 382.50 and gains 12% by selling article B for ₹ 616. If she sells both articles for ₹ 1,180, then her percentage gain is:

(1) 17.5%
(2) 18%
(3) 16.5%
(4) 17%

Why: Cost of A = 382·50 ÷ 0·85 = ₹ 450. Cost of B = 616 ÷ 1·12 = ₹ 550. Total cost = ₹ 1,000. Selling both for ₹ 1,180 gives a gain of ₹ 180, that is 18%.

38.“Developing an understanding about patterns is considered essential for teaching algebra”. Which of the following represents correct reason for the given statement?

(1) Patterns are associated with generalization
(2) Making patterns enhances creative mindset
(3) Patterns are comparatively easier
(4) Patterns have a lot of real-life application unlike algebra

Why: Working with patterns leads children to see the general rule behind them. This generalisation is the heart of algebra.

39.A swimming pool is 20 m in length, 15 m in breadth and 4 m in depth. What is the cost of plastering its floor and walls at ₹ 42 per m²?

(1) ₹ 24,780
(2) ₹ 25,200
(3) ₹ 24,276
(4) ₹ 24,360

Why: Floor = 20 × 15 = 300 m². Walls = 2(20 + 15) × 4 = 280 m². Total = 580 m². Cost = 580 × 42 = ₹ 24,360.

40.A pie chart is constructed for the following data:

Month	January	February	March	April	May	June
Number of computers sold	500	700	840	750	890	820

What will be the difference between the central angles of the sectors representing the number of computers sold in March and January?

(1) 28.8°
(2) 29°
(3) 27.2°
(4) 28°

Why: Total sold = 4500. Central angle for March = 840/4500 × 360° = 67·2°. For January = 500/4500 × 360° = 40°. Difference = 27·2°.

41.Which of the following problems is inter-disciplinary in nature?

(1) Write your name and draw the lines of symmetry in each alphabet wherever possible.
(2) Draw the lines of symmetry in a given geometrical figure.
(3) Draw the mirror image of a given figure.
(4) How many lines of symmetry are there in a given figure.

Why: Drawing lines of symmetry in the letters of one’s own name links mathematics with language. The other tasks stay within geometry.

42.Rajiv invested a sum of ₹ 7,000 at 20% p.a. for 1¹⁄₂ years, compounded half yearly, and his friend Amit invested a sum of ₹ 8,000 at 10% p.a. for 2 years, compounded annually. What is the difference between the interest received by Rajiv and Amit, at maturity?

(1) ₹ 638
(2) ₹ 634
(3) ₹ 637
(4) ₹ 632

Why: Rajiv: 10% per half-year for 3 half-years, so amount = 7000 × 1·1³ = ₹ 9,317 and interest = ₹ 2,317. Amit: amount = 8000 × 1·1² = ₹ 9,680 and interest = ₹ 1,680. Difference = ₹ 637.

43.If x, y and z are respectively the number of faces, vertices and edges of a triangular pyramid, then:

(1) 2x + 2z − 3y = 6
(2) 3x + 3y − 2z = 6
(3) 2x + 3y − 2z = 8
(4) 3x + 2y − 3z = 4

Why: A triangular pyramid has 4 faces, 4 vertices and 6 edges, so x = 4, y = 4, z = 6. Then 2x + 3y − 2z = 8 + 12 − 12 = 8.

44.Which among the following is the most appropriate ‘Method of Proof’ for proving √2 is an irrational number?

(1) Contradiction
(2) Induction
(3) Direct Proof
(4) Contrapositive

Why: We assume √2 = p/q in lowest terms and show this leads to a contradiction. This is proof by contradiction.

45.A student was asked to arrange the following numbers in descending order,
−20, −150, 0, 23, 46
The student wrote the following answer,
−150, −20, 0, 23, 46
Which of the following is most appropriate for the response of the student?

(1) The student does not know the concept of integers.
(2) The student needs to recall the rules of addition of integers.
(3) The student has written the numbers in correct order.
(4) The student has understood the concept of arranging integers but has done a mistake by arranging them in increasing order.

Why: The student has arranged the numbers correctly but in ascending order instead of descending order. The concept is clear; the error is in the order asked for.

46.A and D are two points lying on the same side of line segment BC, such that AB=5 cm, AC=8 cm, BC=4 cm, BD=8 cm and CD=5 cm. Then,

(1) ΔABC ≅ ΔDBC, by SSS
(2) ΔABC ≅ ΔDCB, by SSS
(3) ΔABC ≅ ΔDBC, by SAS
(4) ΔABC ≅ ΔDCB, by SAS

Why: AB = DC = 5 cm, AC = DB = 8 cm and BC = CB = 4 cm. Matching A↔D, B↔C, C↔B gives ΔABC ≅ ΔDCB by SSS.

47.Which of the following number is not divisible by 72?

(1) 88848
(2) 88704
(3) 95112
(4) 95142

Why: A number divisible by 72 must be divisible by 8 and 9. In 95142 the last three digits 142 are not divisible by 8, so it is not divisible by 72.

48.The following observations have been written in the ascending order:
28, 31, 47, 51, a, a + 3, 71, 74, 78, 90
If the median of the data is 61.5, then the mean of the data is:

(1) 59.2
(2) 59.3
(3) 58.1
(4) 58.4

Why: There are 10 values, so the median = (a + a + 3)/2 = 61·5, which gives a = 60. The sum is 593, so the mean = 593 ÷ 10 = 59·3.

49.One of the factors of 4x² + 9y² + 12xy − 5(2x + 3y) − 14 is:

(1) 2x + 3y − 7
(2) 2x + 3y + 7
(3) 2x + 3y + 14
(4) 2x + 3y − 2

Why: 4x² + 9y² + 12xy = (2x + 3y)². With t = 2x + 3y, the expression is t² − 5t − 14 = (t − 7)(t + 2). So 2x + 3y − 7 is a factor.

50.If 5(3x + 4) − 8(6x + 7) = 9x − 8, then what is the value of (3x + 4)?

(1) 2
(2) 3
(3) 0
(4) 1

Why: 15x + 20 − 48x − 56 = 9x − 8 gives −42x = 28, so x = −2/3. Then 3x + 4 = −2 + 4 = 2.

51.“While teaching the concept of ‘Discount on items’ a teacher can plan a trip to a local market.” The most appropriate reason for this is:

(1) It would be a time for enjoyment for both teacher and students.
(2) It is mandatory to have such type of field trip as suggested by National Curriculum Framework 2005.
(3) It would provide opportunity to the students to formally learn the mathematical concepts.
(4) It would provide opportunity to students to see different advertisements related to ‘sales’ and to discuss with shopkeepers how to calculate it.

Why: A market trip lets students see sale offers and talk to shopkeepers about how discounts are worked out. This links the concept to real life.

52.If a + b = ¹⁷⁄₆ and ab = 2, then what is the value of (a − b), where a > b?

(1) ¹⁄₆
(2) ¹⁄₁₂
(3) ¹⁄₃
(4) ²⁄₃

Why: (a − b)² = (a + b)² − 4ab = 289/36 − 8 = 1/36. Since a > b, a − b = 1/6.

53.In a quadrilateral ABCD, if AB ∥ DC, ∠B = 70° and AB = CD, then:

(1) ∠C = 70°, ∠D = 110°
(2) ∠A = 110°, ∠C = 110°
(3) ∠A = 70°, ∠C = 70°
(4) ∠A = 70°, ∠D = 110°

Why: One pair of opposite sides is equal and parallel, so ABCD is a parallelogram. Adjacent angles add up to 180°, so ∠A = ∠C = 110° and ∠D = ∠B = 70°.

54.The product of two rational numbers is −⁴⁰⁄₃. If one of them is −⁵⁄₂, and the reciprocal of the other is x, then what is the value of (8x + 2¹⁄₄)?

(1) 3¹⁄₂
(2) 3³⁄₄
(3) 4¹⁄₂
(4) 4³⁄₄

Why: The other number = (−40/3) ÷ (−5/2) = 16/3, so x = 3/16. Then 8x = 3/2, and 3/2 + 9/4 = 15/4 = 3³⁄₄.

55.The height of a cylinder is three times the radius of its base. If the area of the base is 616 cm², then what is the capacity (in litres) of the cylinder? (Use π = ²²⁄₇)

(1) 17.248
(2) 34.496
(3) 12.936
(4) 25.872

Why: πr² = 616 gives r = 14 cm, so h = 42 cm. Volume = 616 × 42 = 25872 cm³ = 25·872 litres.

56.Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?
(a) A number never exceeds its square.
(b) All negative numbers exceeds their cubes.
(c) A number never exceeds its cube.
(d) The square root of a prime number is not a rational number.

(1) (b) only
(2) (d) only
(3) (a) and (b)
(4) (b) and (c)

Why: 0·5 is greater than its square 0·25, so (a) is false. −0·5 is less than its cube −0·125, so (b) is false. 0·5 is greater than its cube 0·125, so (c) is false. The square root of a prime number is always irrational, so only (d) is true.

57.If ^x⁄_y = (−¹⁄₃)⁻³ ÷ (²⁄₃)⁻⁴, then the value of (^x⁄_y + ^y⁄_x)⁻¹ × (^y⁄_x)⁻¹ is:

(1) ¹⁴⁵⁄₉
(2) ²⁶⁵⁄₉
(3) ¹⁶⁵⁄₄₈
(4) ¹⁵⁵⁄₃

Why: Bonus question: the CBSE key gives marks for every option. Working it out: x/y = (−27) ÷ (81/16) = −16/3, so y/x = −3/16. Then (x/y + y/x)⁻¹ = (−265/48)⁻¹ = −48/265, and multiplying by (y/x)⁻¹ = −16/3 gives 256/265. This matches none of the options.

58.The perimeters of two circular fields C₁ and C₂ are 40π m and 96π m, respectively. What is the radius of the third circular field C₃ whose area is equal to the sum of the areas of C₁ and C₂?

(1) 52 m
(2) 53 m
(3) 68 m
(4) 51 m

Why: The radii are 20 m and 48 m. Area of C₃ = π(20² + 48²) = π × 2704, so its radius = √2704 = 52 m.

59.On which numeration system the clocks are based?

(1) Hexadecimal System
(2) Binary System
(3) Sexagesimal System
(4) Decimal System

Why: Clocks count 60 seconds in a minute and 60 minutes in an hour. This is the base-60 (sexagesimal) system.

60.The value of (√5043 × √50) ÷ (√32 × √1323) is:

(1) ²¹⁵⁄₄₂
(2) ²¹⁵⁄₈₄
(3) ²⁰⁵⁄₄₂
(4) ²⁰⁵⁄₈₄

Why: 5043 = 3 × 41², 50 = 2 × 5², 32 = 2 × 4² and 1323 = 3 × 21². So the value = (41 × 5 × √6) ÷ (4 × 21 × √6) = 205/84.

61.Which of the following attributes would you associate with ‘Scientific temper’?
(A) Perseverance in carrying out scientific investigations.
(B) Creativity in coming up with big problems to be investigated and breaking them down into smaller ‘solvable’ parts.
(C) Scepticism towards non-scientific beliefs.
(D) Commitment towards cultural preservation.

(1) (A), (C) and (D)
(2) (A), (B), (C) and (D)
(3) (A), (B) and (D)
(4) (A), (B) and (C)

Why: Scientific temper includes perseverance, creativity in framing and breaking down problems, and scepticism towards beliefs without evidence. Commitment to cultural preservation is not part of it.

62.Read the following statements and choose the correct option.
Process A – Galvanization to prevent rusting.
Process B – Electroplating of copper.

(1) Both the processes A and B are physical changes.
(2) Both the processes A and B are chemical changes.
(3) Process A is a physical change and B is a chemical change.
(4) Process A is a chemical change and B is a physical change.

Why: The CBSE key treats galvanisation (coating iron with zinc) as a physical change and electroplating (deposition by electrolysis) as a chemical change.

63.A teacher is doing an activity on density. Students observe that a steel spoon sinks in water but a steel bowl floats. She asks students, ‘why do you think the bowl did not sink? What will make it sink?’ Which of the following process skills is the teacher trying to develop among her learners?

(1) Experimenting
(2) Inferring
(3) Hypothesizing
(4) Observing

Why: Asking ‘why did the bowl not sink?’ and ‘what will make it sink?’ makes students suggest possible explanations. This develops hypothesising.

64.Which of the following will NOT contribute to professional development of science teachers?

(1) Regular reading of science content given in science textbooks.
(2) Visits to planetariums, industries and science museums.
(3) Cultivation of hobbies in areas related to science such as robotics and electronics.
(4) Regular meetings with teachers from neighbouring schools.

Why: Reading only the textbook content regularly does not add to a teacher’s growth. Visits, hobbies and meeting other teachers do.

65.Which of the following tasks would be least suitable for developing an understanding of the relationship of science with society among learners?

(1) Concept map on sources of energy
(2) Poster competition on contribution of Indian scientists to the World
(3) Debate on nuclear energy
(4) Group project on latest developments in science and technology

Why: A concept map on sources of energy organises facts but does not deal with how science affects society. Debates and projects on science and society do.

66.Identify the metals on the basis of their reaction with water.
A – reacts violently with cold water
B – reacts with steam only
C – does not react with water

(1) Calcium, Zinc, Iron
(2) Magnesium, Aluminium, Silver
(3) Potassium, Iron, Copper
(4) Sodium, Copper, Aluminium

Why: Potassium reacts violently with cold water, iron reacts only with steam, and copper does not react with water at all.

67.Which of the following is not done during the process of treatment of waste water?

(1) Inorganic impurities such as nitrates and phosphates are removed by chlorination.
(2) Sand, grit and pebbles are made to settle by decreasing the speed of waste water.
(3) Sludge is scraped out and skimmer removes the grease.
(4) Waste water enters a grit and sand removal tank.

Why: Nitrates and phosphates are not removed by chlorination. Chlorination is used only to kill germs. The other steps are part of waste water treatment.

68.While discussing about nature of Science in his class, a teacher makes the following remark - ‘A scientist is open-minded’. What does this remark highlight about scientists?

(1) They openly share their ideas with everyone.
(2) They do not agree with the views of other scientists.
(3) They constantly come up with new ideas.
(4) They also consider ideas which go against their own ideas.

Why: An open-minded scientist is willing to consider ideas and evidence that go against his or her own views.

69.Read the statements given below and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): Small intestine is the site of complete digestion of food.
Reason (R): Villi have a large surface area which helps the small intestine in absorption of food.

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reasoning for (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reasoning for (A).

Why: Digestion is completed in the small intestine, so (A) is true. The villi give a large surface to absorb the digested food, so (R) is true. The CBSE key treats (R) as the correct reason.

70.The free ends of an electric circuit comprising a cell and switch are connected one by one to wires A, B, C and D. Which of these wires would produce least amount of heat?

Wire	length (cm)	Area of Cross-section (m²)
A	10	10 × 10⁻⁸
B	10	8 × 10⁻⁸
C	12	6 × 10⁻⁸
D	5	10 × 10⁻⁸

(1) C
(2) D
(3) A
(4) B

Why: With the same cell, heat = V²t/R, so the wire with the highest resistance gives the least heat. R depends on length ÷ area: A = 1, B = 1·25, C = 2, D = 0·5. Wire C has the highest resistance.

71.Read the excerpt given below and answer the question.
French scientist Henri Becquerel was working on phosphorescent materials, which glow in the dark after exposure to light. He believed that sunlight was the reason that the crystal would burn its image on a photographic plate. On a stormy day in 1896, he decided to leave it for few days and resume his experiments later. A few days later, he took his crystal out of a darkened drawer. He noticed that the image burned on the plate was ‘fogged’ which meant that the crystal had still emitted rays, despite the lack of sunlight.
What does the above excerpt illustrate about science?

(1) Scientific knowledge is tentative.
(2) Science is procedural more than creative.
(3) Scientific discovery can be serendipitous.
(4) Science is a solitary pursuit.

Why: Becquerel found radioactivity by chance when he kept his crystal in a drawer on a cloudy day. A discovery made by luck is serendipitous.

72.Match the animal with the mode of feeding.

(a) Housefly	(i) Biting and chewing
(b) Humming bird	(ii) Sucking
(c) Cockroach	(iii) Sponging
(d) Infants	(iv) Suckling

(1) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii), (d)-(ii)
(2) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
(3) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
(4) (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iv)

Why: A housefly feeds by sponging, a hummingbird by sucking nectar, a cockroach by biting and chewing, and infants by suckling milk.

73.Which of the following is a mismatched set?
(Column A – Column B – Column C)

(1) Bleaching powder – CaOCl₂ – Used in Laundry
(2) Slaked lime – CaO – Used for lowering the acidity of soil
(3) Plaster of Paris – CaSO₄·½H₂O – Used in coating walls
(4) Gypsum – CaSO₄·2H₂O – Used in Dentistry

Why: Slaked lime is Ca(OH)₂, not CaO. CaO is quicklime. So option 2 is mismatched.

74.In a science class, Mr. Sumit brought some material. It was a water bottle, a glass and thick paper sheet. He poured water in the glass and put the thick paper sheet on it. Slowly and carefully, he inverted the glass and removed his hand from there. Learners were surprised that paper had stuck on the glass and water was not coming out. Some students said that paper had glue inside while others said it had stuck due to water inside the bottle. What, according to you, was the objective of doing this task?
(A) Help learners to understand that experiments are the principal route to scientific knowledge.
(B) Encourage learners to construct explanations based on their observations.
(C) Encourage learners to ask questions.

(1) (C) and (A)
(2) (A), (B) and (C)
(3) (A) and (B)
(4) (B) and (C)

Why: The activity shows that experiments lead to knowledge, makes students explain what they see, and raises questions. The CBSE key accepts all three aims.

75.Read the following excerpt.
‘There was a belief that all living beings on earth were created by God. However, Darwin and Wallance came up with the idea that life forms evolved on the earth from previously existing forms of life’.
What does the above excerpt illustrate about the nature of Science?

(1) Science is tentative.
(2) Science is interdisciplinary.
(3) Science is value neutral.
(4) Science progresses by following the scientific method.

Why: An old belief was replaced by the theory of evolution when new evidence came. This shows that science is tentative and can change.

76.Which of the following cannot be separated by Crystallization?

(1) Mixture of Zinc chloride and Lead (II) chloride
(2) Solution of methyl alcohol and potassium permanganate
(3) Harvesting salt from impure sample
(4) Separation of Alum from impure sample

Why: Crystallisation separates a dissolved solid from its solution or from impurities, as with salt, alum, or zinc chloride and lead chloride. Methyl alcohol is a volatile liquid, so a solution of potassium permanganate in it is separated by evaporation or distillation instead.

77.Sana and Priya measure their body temperature using thermometers. Sana recorded her body temperature to be 98.6°F while Priya recorded hers to be 38.4°C.
Which of the following statement is true?

(1) Both Sana and Priya have same body temperature.
(2) Both Sana and Priya are suffering from fever.
(3) Body temperature of Sana is more than that of Priya.
(4) Body temperature of Priya is more than that of Sana.

Why: 98·6°F = 37°C, which is normal. Priya’s 38·4°C is higher, so Priya’s temperature is more than Sana’s.

78.Choose the correct statements from the given set of statements.
(A) Clayey soil contains sand and silt.
(B) Percolation of water is faster in loamy soil than clayey soil.
(C) Sandy soil has a greater proportion of big particles.
(D) Loamy soil contains humus.

(1) (C) and (D)
(2) (A) and (D)
(3) (A) and (B)
(4) (B) and (C)

Why: Bonus question: the CBSE key gives marks for every option. More than two of the statements can be defended (sandy soil has big particles, loamy soil has humus, and water percolates faster in loam than in clay), so no single option fits exactly.

79.Sample of 4 metals A, B, C and D were added to the following solutions separately. The results observed are shown below. What is the order of reactivities of these metals?

Metal	FeSO₄	CuSO₄	ZnSO₄
A	No change	a green deposit	–
B	a grey deposit	a brown deposit	No change
C	–	No change	–
D	a brown deposit	–	A white coating on metal

(1) D < B < A < C
(2) C < A < D < B
(3) C < A < B < D
(4) A < C < B < D

Why: C does not displace copper, so it is the least reactive. A displaces copper but not iron. B displaces iron and copper but not zinc. D displaces even zinc, so it is the most reactive. Order: C < A < B < D.

80.Which of the following parts of the solar cooker is responsible for greenhouse effect?

(1) Glass sheet
(2) Black coloured coating inside the box
(3) Mirror
(4) Outer cover of the solar cooker

Why: The glass sheet lets sunlight in but does not let the heat escape. This trapping of heat is the greenhouse effect.

81.Read the following and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): Science textbooks should include biographies of scientists.
Reason (R): Narrating biographies of great scientists inspires students to learn how scientists make discoveries by following a universal scientific method.

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reasoning for (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reasoning for (A).

Why: Biographies of scientists are useful in textbooks, so (A) is true. But there is no single universal scientific method that all scientists follow, so (R) is false.

82.Consider the two statements S₁ and S₂ given below and choose the correct option.
S₁ – Non-zero work has to be done on a moving particle to change its momentum.
S₂ – To change momentum of a particle, a non-zero net force should act on it.

(1) Both S₁ and S₂ are true.
(2) Both S₁ and S₂ are false.
(3) S₁ is true but S₂ is false.
(4) S₁ is false but S₂ is true.

Why: In uniform circular motion momentum keeps changing direction, yet no work is done. So S₁ is false. Any change in momentum needs a net force, so S₂ is true.

83.A ray of light travels from an optically denser medium to an optically rarer medium. What will be the change in the frequency of light?

(1) No Change
(2) First increase and then decrease
(3) Increase
(4) Decrease

Why: The frequency of light depends only on the source. It does not change when light goes from one medium to another; only speed and wavelength change.

84.Four test tubes A, B, C and D with different liquids are taken. Test tube A contains glucose solution; test tube B contains turmeric solution, test tube C contains detergent solution and test tube D contains pure water. Which of the following will you observe when you put?
(a) a piece of blue litmus paper in each test tube
(b) a piece of red litmus paper in each test tube
(c) few drops of phenolphthalein solution to each test tube

	Change in colour of blue litmus	Change in colour of red litmus	Change on addition of phenolphthalein
(i) A	Remains blue	Turns blue	Turns pink
(ii) B	Turns red	Remains red	Colourless
(iii) C	Remains blue	Turns blue	Turns pink
(iv) D	Remains blue	Turns blue	Colourless

(1) (i) and (iii) are correct.
(2) (ii) and (iv) are correct.
(3) (i) and (ii) are correct.
(4) (ii) and (iii) are correct.

Why: Bonus question: the CBSE key gives marks for every option. Detergent is basic, so row (iii) is correct. But glucose solution and pure water are neutral and would not turn red litmus blue, and turmeric solution does not turn blue litmus red. So no option has two correct rows.

85.Read the following statements and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): While preparing a dough for bread, baking powder is added along with yeast to facilitate fermentation.
Reason (R): Baking powder acts as food for yeast.

(1) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reasoning for (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reasoning for (A).

Why: Baking powder is not needed for fermentation and is not food for yeast; yeast feeds on sugar. Both statements are false.

86.Match the hormones given in Column A with their deficiency disease given in Column B.

Column A	Column B
(a) Adrenal hormone	(i) Dwarfism
(b) Growth hormone	(ii) Goitre
(c) Thyroxine	(iii) Diabetes
(d) Insulin	(iv) Salt imbalance

(1) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)
(2) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
(3) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii), (d)-(ii)
(4) (a)-(i), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)

Why: Lack of adrenal hormone (aldosterone) upsets the salt balance, growth hormone deficiency causes dwarfism, thyroxine deficiency causes goitre and insulin deficiency causes diabetes.

87.Which of the following statements is true regarding cyclones?

(1) Warm air rises and high pressure is created.
(2) Cool air rises and high pressure is created.
(3) Warm air rises and low pressure is created.
(4) Cool air rises and low pressure is created.

Why: In a cyclone, warm moist air rises and creates a low-pressure area. Surrounding air rushes in, causing strong winds.

88.Which method of reproduction is common to fungus, moss and fern?

(1) Spore formation
(2) Regeneration
(3) Budding
(4) Fragmentation

Why: Fungi, mosses and ferns all reproduce by spores.

89.A student has an alternative conception that air contracts on heating. Which of the following strategies would you adopt to challenge this alternative conception?

(1) Ask students to refer to the textbook for examples from daily life where air expands on heating.
(2) Ask the students to attach a deflated balloon to the mouth of a bottle containing air and place the bottle in water bath containing boiling water and note down the observations.
(3) Explain the difference between conduction and convection to illustrate that air is a poor conductor of heat.
(4) Ask students to do an activity which involves filling a plastic bottle to half of its capacity with very hot water, capping tightly and keeping it aside for few minutes. Ask students to note down the observations.

Why: Fixing a deflated balloon on a bottle of air and warming it in hot water shows the balloon inflating. Children see for themselves that air expands on heating.

90.Match the organism in Column A with its action in Column B.

Column A	Column B
(a) Yeast	(i) Causing cholera
(b) Protozoan	(ii) Causing AIDS
(c) Bacteria	(iii) Producing antibodies
(d) Virus	(iv) Baking of bread
	(v) Causing malaria

(1) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(v)
(2) (a)-(i), (b)-(v), (c)-(iii), (d)-(ii)
(3) (a)-(iv), (b)-(v), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
(4) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(v)

Why: Yeast is used in baking bread, a protozoan (Plasmodium) causes malaria, a bacterium causes cholera and a virus (HIV) causes AIDS.

Source text not reproduced. This question and the ones that follow it are based on an extract that is still in copyright, so it is not reprinted here. Read it in the official question paper, then use the questions below.

91.कौन-सा शब्द समूह से भिन्न है?

(1) ऊँचे - ऊँचे
(2) ऊँचे - नीचे
(3) पतले - पतले
(4) धीरे - धीरे

Why: ऊँचे-ऊँचे, पतले-पतले और धीरे-धीरे में एक ही शब्द दोहराया गया है (पुनरुक्त शब्द)। ‘ऊँचे-नीचे’ में दो विपरीत अर्थ वाले शब्द हैं, इसलिए यह भिन्न है।

92.किन लोगों को ताल पत्तों पर चित्रकारी करने का काम दिया जाता था?

(1) जिनकी चित्रकारी बहुत सुंदर थी।
(2) जिनकी लिखावट बहुत सुंदर थी।
(3) जिन्हें छपाई का काम आता था।
(4) जिन्हें ताल पत्तों की पहचान थी।

Why: गद्यांश के अनुसार जो लोग सुंदर चित्रकारी कर सकते थे, वे ताल पत्तों पर चित्र बनाते थे।

93.पपाइरस नाम का पौधा किस काम आता था?

(1) स्याही बनाने के लिए।
(2) वस्त्र बनाने के लिए।
(3) छपाई की मशीन बनाने के लिए।
(4) पतला कागज बनाने के लिए।

Why: गद्यांश के अनुसार मिस्र में पपाइरस नाम के पौधे से बहुत पतला कागज बनाया जाता था।

94.सामान्यत: मनुष्य का किताब से परिचय किस अवस्था में होने लगता है?

(1) किशोरावस्था तक आते-आते।
(2) लगभग तीन वर्ष की अवस्था में।
(3) विद्यालयी शिक्षा प्रारंभ होने पर।
(4) जीवन के शुरुआती एक-दो वर्ष के बाद।

Why: गद्यांश की पहली पंक्ति के अनुसार जीवन के शुरुआती एक-दो वर्ष तक किताब की कोई कल्पना नहीं होती, उसके बाद धीरे-धीरे किताबें जीवन में आती हैं।

95.पतले कागजों पर किस लिपि में लिखा जाता था?

(1) रोमन
(2) ब्राह्मी
(3) हाइरोग्लाइफ
(4) देवनागरी

Why: गद्यांश के अनुसार पपाइरस के कागजों पर हाइरोग्लाइफ लिपि में हाथ से लिखा जाता था।

96.भिन्न वाक्य की पहचान करें।

(1) समस्त संसार किताबें पढ़ता है।
(2) किताबें मशीन से छपने लगीं।
(3) किताब की कोई कल्पना नहीं होती।
(4) किताब की शुरुआत हुई ताल के पत्तों पर लिखकर उन्हें बाँधने से।

Why: ‘समस्त संसार किताबें पढ़ता है’ वर्तमान काल का वाक्य है। बाकी तीनों वाक्य भूतकाल की बात बताते हैं, इसलिए पहला वाक्य भिन्न है।

97.ताल पत्तों को किताब का स्वरूप देने के लिए कौन-से लोग लिख सकते थे?

(1) जिनकी चित्रकारी बहुत सुंदर थी।
(2) जिनके पास सुंदर ताल पत्र थे।
(3) जिनका हस्तलेखन बहुत सुंदर था।
(4) जिनके विचार बहुत सुंदर थे।

Why: गद्यांश के अनुसार ताल पत्तों पर केवल वे ही लोग लिखते थे जिनकी लिखाई (हस्तलेखन) सुंदर होती थी।

98.‘लिख’ में कौन-सा प्रत्यय लगाकर सार्थक शब्द बनाया जा सकता है?

(1) आनी
(2) आहट
(3) आवट
(4) आरी

Why: लिख + आवट = लिखावट। यह सार्थक शब्द है।

99.गद्यांश के अनुसार किताब का सबसे पहला स्वरूप कौन-सा है?

(1) पपाइरस पर मशीन से छपी किताब।
(2) पपाइरस पर हाथ से लिखी किताब।
(3) मशीन से छपी किताब।
(4) ताल के पत्तों पर लिखी किताब।

Why: ताल पत्तों का वर्णन करने के बाद गद्यांश कहता है ‘इससे भी पहले की बात है’ — मिस्र में पपाइरस के कागज पर हाथ से लिखकर किताब बनाई जाती थी। इसलिए सबसे पहला रूप पपाइरस पर हाथ से लिखी किताब है।

Source text not reproduced. This question and the ones that follow it are based on an extract that is still in copyright, so it is not reprinted here. Read it in the official question paper, then use the questions below.

100.रचनाकार ने बचपन में कौन-सी फसल बोई थी?

(1) धन की
(2) मानवता की
(3) ममता की
(4) समानता की

Why: कवि बताता है कि बचपन में उसने स्वार्थ और लोभवश पैसे बोए थे, यानी धन की फसल।

101.रचनाकार ने धरती माता की संतान किसे कहा है?

(1) समग्र जल राशि को।
(2) समग्र रत्न राशि को।
(3) समस्त मानव जाति को।
(4) समस्त वनस्पति को।

Why: ‘धरती माता कितना देती है अपनी संतान को’ — धरती की संतान समस्त मानव जाति है।

102.‘वसुधा’ का समानार्थी है:

(1) सरिता
(2) धरा
(3) अंबा
(4) समीर

Why: वसुधा का अर्थ है पृथ्वी। इसका समानार्थी शब्द ‘धरा’ है।

103.‘रत्न प्रसविनी’ का क्या अर्थ है?

(1) रत्नों का संरक्षण करना।
(2) रत्नों को जन्म देना।
(3) रत्नों को धारण करना।
(4) रत्नों का क्रय-विक्रय करना।

Why: प्रसविनी का अर्थ है जन्म देने वाली। ‘रत्न प्रसविनी’ यानी रत्नों को जन्म देने वाली।

104.‘हम जैसा बोएँगे वैसा ही पाएँगें’ कविता की इस पंक्ति के भाव वाले मुहावरे का चयन करें:

(1) खून पसीना एक करना।
(2) छाती पर मूँग दलना।
(3) जैसी करनी वैसी भरनी।
(4) गेहूँ के साथ घुन पिसना।

Why: ‘हम जैसा बोएँगे वैसा ही पाएँगे’ का भाव मुहावरे ‘जैसी करनी वैसी भरनी’ में है।

105.रचनाकार स्वयं को किस बात के लिए धिक्कार रहा है?

(1) मानवीय गुणों का आचरण न कर पाने के लिए।
(2) किसी भी तरह की फसल न बो पाने के लिए।
(3) श्रम के महत्व की समझ न बन पाने के लिए।
(4) धरती माँ के महत्व को न समझ पाने के लिए।

Why: ‘नहीं समझ पाया था मैं उसके महत्त्व को’ — कवि धरती माँ के महत्त्व को न समझ पाने के लिए स्वयं को धिक्कारता है।

106.निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा विद्यालयी शिक्षा में बहुभाषावाद का उद्देश्य नहीं है?

(1) त्रिभाषा सूत्र के अन्तर्गत मातृभाषा, हिन्दी और अंग्रेजी का अधिगम।
(2) सभी बच्चे अपनी विद्यालयी शिक्षा अपनी मातृभाषा में आरंभ करते हैं और आगे जाकर बहुत सी भाषाएँ (कम से कम दो या अधिक) जोड़ते जाते हैं।
(3) विद्यालय में शिक्षण अधिगम के लिए शिक्षार्थियों की भाषा का प्रयोग करना।
(4) जहाँ तक संभव हो सके भाषा तथा अधिगम के माध्यम के रूप में मातृभाषा का अधिगम।

Why: त्रिभाषा सूत्र एक नीतिगत व्यवस्था है। बहुभाषावाद के उद्देश्य हैं — मातृभाषा से शुरुआत, आगे और भाषाएँ जोड़ना और शिक्षार्थियों की भाषा का शिक्षण में प्रयोग।

107.अधिगम प्रतिफलों के उद्देश्य के संबंध में कौन-सा कथन सही है?
(a) विषयवस्तु केन्द्रित अधिगम की तुलना में दक्षता आधारित अधिगम को समुन्नत करना।
(b) भाषा के रचनात्मक प्रयोगकर्ता होने के लिए आवश्यक भाषा कौशलों में निपुणता प्राप्त करने लिए शिक्षार्थियों को सक्षम बनाना।
(c) विषयवस्तु में निपुणता और बाद में उसे प्रयोग में लाने की योग्यता।
(d) विशिष्ट उद्देश्यों के लिए भाषा का प्रयोग सीखने हेतु शिक्षार्थियों को सक्षम बनाना।

(1) (d) और (c) सही हैं।
(2) (a) और (d) सही हैं।
(3) केवल (c) सही है।
(4) (b) और (c) सही हैं।

Why: अधिगम प्रतिफल विषयवस्तु के बजाय दक्षता आधारित अधिगम को बढ़ाते हैं और विशिष्ट उद्देश्यों के लिए भाषा के प्रयोग में सक्षम बनाते हैं।

108.राजकीय हाईस्कूल की अंग्रेजी भाषा की अध्यापिका श्रीमती उषारानी अपने शिक्षार्थियों को दिन-प्रतिदिन के उद्देश्यों के लिए भाषा प्रयोग और सूत्रों के प्रयोगों के शिक्षण के माध्यम से अंग्रेजी भाषा बोलना सीखने में मदद करती हैं। वह अपने शिक्षार्थियों में किसके विकास की कोशिश कर रही हैं?

(1) संज्ञानात्मक अकादमिक भाषायी निपुणता
(2) बुनियादी अन्त: वैयक्तिक सम्प्रेषण कौशल
(3) सम्प्रेषण कौशल
(4) अन्त: वैयक्तिक कौशल

Why: दिन-प्रतिदिन की बातचीत और प्रचलित वाक्यांशों का प्रयोग बुनियादी अन्त: वैयक्तिक सम्प्रेषण कौशल (BICS) विकसित करता है।

109.कक्षा छह का शिक्षार्थी राहुल व्याकरण के नए नियम सीखते समय अपने पहले से सीखे गए से जुड़ाव बना पाता है। कौन-सी युक्ति इसके अन्तर्गत आएगी?

(1) अधिसंज्ञानात्मक युक्तियाँ
(2) संज्ञानात्मक और अधिसंज्ञानात्मक दोनों प्रकार की युक्तियाँ
(3) खोजबीन संबंधी युक्तियाँ
(4) संज्ञानात्मक युक्तियाँ

Why: नई सीख को पहले से सीखी बातों से जोड़ना संज्ञानात्मक युक्ति है। अधिसंज्ञानात्मक युक्तियाँ अपनी सीख की योजना बनाने और जाँचने से जुड़ी हैं।

110.एक अध्यापक कक्षा सात के शिक्षार्थियों द्वारा की गई गलतियों के विशिष्ट प्रतिमान (पैटर्न) की पहचान करती है और अपने शिक्षार्थियों को इन गलतियों के प्रति जागरूक करने के लिए माह में एक बार इन पर चर्चा करती है। अध्यापिका यह बिलकुल भी ज़ाहिर नहीं करती है कि गलतियाँ किसके द्वारा की गई हैं। वह शिक्षार्थियों को इन गलतियों पर विमर्श करने के लिए भी कहती है। इस प्रकार के अभ्यास को क्या कहेंगे?

(1) पृष्ठपोषण देना (फीडबैक)
(2) त्रुटि विश्लेषण
(3) व्याकरण का अध्ययन और संलग्नता
(4) व्याकरण शिक्षण

Why: सामान्य गलतियाँ इकट्ठा करना, किसी का नाम लिए बिना उन पर चर्चा करना और विमर्श करवाना त्रुटि विश्लेषण पर आधारित पृष्ठपोषण है। CBSE कुंजी विकल्प 1 और 2 दोनों को सही मानती है।

111.विद्यालय आधारित आकलन को समुन्नत करने के लिए दो उपयुक्त कथनों का चयन करें।
(a) यह शिक्षार्थी और अध्यापक दोनों में ही स्वायत्ता को समुन्नत करने में मदद करता है।
(b) यह विद्यालय को अपनी ओर से योजना बनाने के लिए संभावनाएँ जुटाता है।
(c) यह परीक्षा बोर्ड की सत्ता का हनन करता है।
(d) यह आकलन की योजना बनाने की प्रक्रिया में शिक्षार्थी को एक सक्रिय प्रतिभागी के रूप में शामिल नहीं करता है।

(1) (c) और (d)
(2) (d) और (a)
(3) (a) और (b)
(4) (b) और (c)

Why: विद्यालय आधारित आकलन शिक्षार्थी और अध्यापक दोनों को स्वायत्तता देता है और विद्यालय को अपनी योजना बनाने का अवसर देता है।

112.भाषा शिक्षण का कौन-सा उपागम भाषा अधिगम के लिए एक आधार (नींव) के रूप में शब्दों और शब्द समूहों की अनुशंसा करता है?

(1) कोश विषयक उपागम
(2) व्याकरण अनुवाद विधि
(3) कार्य आधारित भाषा अधिगम
(4) सम्प्रेषणात्मक उपागम

Why: कोश विषयक (लेक्सिकल) उपागम शब्दों और शब्द समूहों को भाषा अधिगम का आधार मानता है।

113.कक्षा सात की अध्यापक सात वाक्यों वाली एक संक्षिप्त पाठ्य सामग्री पढ़ती है। तत्पश्चात् वह अपने शिक्षार्थियों को सावधानी पूर्वक सुनने और इसके जैसी अर्थ देने वाली मगर बिलकुल ऐसी नहीं पाठ्य सामग्री पुन: सृजित करने के लिए कहती है। इस युक्ति को क्या कहा जाएगा?

(1) बॉटम अप युक्ति
(2) अनुच्छेद श्रुतलेख
(3) स्कीमा सृजन
(4) शीर्ष अधोगामी (टॉप डाउन)

Why: छोटी पाठ्य सामग्री सुनकर उसे अपने शब्दों में दोबारा रचना अनुच्छेद श्रुतलेख (डिक्टोग्लॉस) का रूप है।

114.व्याकरण अधिगम के संदर्भ में कौन-सा कथन सर्वाधिक उपयुक्त तरीके से ‘प्रक्रियात्मक ज्ञान’ का वर्णन करता है?

(1) व्याकरण के नियमों को जानना और बाद में उनका प्रयोग करना।
(2) यह समझ बनाना कि व्याकरण के नियम व्याकरण की पुस्तक में कैसे कार्य करते हैं।
(3) नियमों को जानना।
(4) व्याकरण नियम क्या है और कैसे प्रयोग करना है, यह जानना।

Why: प्रक्रियात्मक ज्ञान का अर्थ है किसी व्याकरणिक रूप को जानना और उसका प्रयोग कर पाना।

115.वे शब्द जिन्हें हम सुनने और देखने पर पहचानते हैं, किस रूप में जाने जाते हैं?

(1) ग्राह्यशील शब्दावली
(2) शब्द संपदा से संलग्नता (प्रयोग)
(3) कोश विषयक
(4) उत्पादक शब्दावली

Why: सुनने या पढ़ने पर जिन शब्दों को हम पहचान लेते हैं, वे ग्राह्यशील शब्दावली कहलाते हैं।

116.भाषा अर्जन और भाषा अधिगम में सहजात परिकल्पना से क्या तात्पर्य है?

(1) यह इस तथ्य में विश्वास रखती है कि सभी मनुष्य जन्म से ही भाषा ज्ञान रखते हैं।
(2) यह इस तथ्य में विश्वास रखती है कि भाषा आदत निर्माण के रूप में सीखी जाती है।
(3) यह इस विचार बिन्दु को निरस्त करती है कि सभी भाषाओं में व्याकरण है और सभी बच्चे भाषा अपने तरीकों से सीखते हैं।
(4) यह इस तथ्य में विश्वास रखती है कि सभी मनुष्य भाषा शारीरिक ड्रिल और अनुकूलन के माध्यम से सीख सकते हैं।

Why: सहजात परिकल्पना (चॉम्स्की) के अनुसार मनुष्य जन्म से ही भाषा की क्षमता लेकर आता है।

117.‘विषय अभिमुखी भाषा निवेश’ किससे संबंधित है?

(1) वह भाषा निवेश जो सूचनाओं पर बल देता है।
(2) शब्दावली, उच्चारण, व्याकरण आदि।
(3) वह भाषा निवेश जो इस बात पर बल देता है कि भाषा का प्रयोग कैसे किया जाता है।
(4) निवेश और इसकी प्रक्रियाओं की प्रस्तुति।

Why: विषय अभिमुखी भाषा निवेश सूचना यानी संदेश पर बल देता है। रूप अभिमुखी निवेश शब्दावली, उच्चारण और व्याकरण पर बल देता है।

118.कौन-सा शैक्षिक दर्शन निम्नलिखित की अनुशंसा करता है? निर्देश के पूर्व निर्धारित क्रमों के स्थान पर वास्तविक जीवन परिवेश या केस आधारित अधिगम का प्रयोग अधिगम परिवेश के रूप में।

(1) श्रृव्य भाषावाद
(2) संज्ञानवाद
(3) प्राकृतवाद (नेटीविज़म)
(4) रचनावाद

Why: पूर्व निर्धारित क्रम के बजाय वास्तविक परिवेश और केस आधारित अधिगम रचनावाद की विशेषता है।

119.निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा संस्थागत लेखन के अन्तर्गत नहीं आएगा?

(1) जीवन वृत्त परिचय (सी.वी.)
(2) समीक्षाएँ
(3) संवेदना (शोक संबंधी) टिप्पणी
(4) व्यापारिक पत्र

Why: जीवन वृत्त, समीक्षाएँ और व्यापारिक पत्र संस्थागत लेखन हैं। शोक संवेदना की टिप्पणी व्यक्तिगत लेखन है।

120.वाणी नामक विद्यार्थी किसी एक पाठ्य सामग्री का सामान्य सा परिचय (ओवर व्यू) जानने के लिए एक आलेख पढ़ती है। उसके इस पठन को किस रूप में जाना जाएगा?

(1) सरसरी तौर पर पठन (स्किमिंग)
(2) समालोचनात्मक पठन
(3) निष्कर्ष निकालना (इंफ्रेन्शियल)
(4) बारीकी से पठन (स्कैनिंग)

Why: किसी पाठ का सामान्य परिचय पाने के लिए जल्दी-जल्दी पढ़ना सरसरी तौर पर पठन (स्किमिंग) है।

Source text not reproduced. This question and the ones that follow it are based on an extract that is still in copyright, so it is not reprinted here. Read it in the official question paper, then use the questions below.

121.Which one of the following words is opposite in meaning to the word, ‘tasteless’ as used in the passage?

(1) taste
(2) palatable
(3) infinite
(4) seasoned

Why: The passage says non-vegetarian food has to be seasoned to make it palatable (tasty). Palatable is the opposite of tasteless.

122.Read the following statements and state which of the options given below is correct.
(A) Vegetarianism promotes longer and healthier lives and helps to preserve earth’s natural resources.
(B) Vegetarianism has not become very popular because it does not help in prevention or treatment of heart diseases.

(1) Both (A) and (B) are correct.
(2) Both (A) and (B) are incorrect.
(3) Only (A) is correct.
(4) Only (B) is correct.

Why: The passage says people turn vegetarian to live longer, healthier lives and to save natural resources. It says nothing about heart disease, so only (A) is correct.

123.Vegetarianism is not as popular as it should be because __________.

(1) it is an inward looking habit and is best cultivated in the mind
(2) we want to preserve earth’s natural resources
(3) it promotes natural way of life
(4) it helps the animal kingdom co-exist with man

Why: The passage says vegetarianism has not spread because it is an inward-looking habit best cultivated in the mind.

124.Which one of the following words is most similar in meaning to the word ‘cultivated’?

(1) developed
(2) liked
(3) loved
(4) attracted

Why: A habit ‘cultivated in the mind’ is one that is developed there.

125.Identify the part of speech of the underlined word in the following expression.
This has been central to the Indian Culture.

(1) Pronoun
(2) Conjunction
(3) Adverb
(4) Preposition

Why: ‘This’ stands for the idea in the previous sentence and works as the subject. It is a pronoun.

126.Which of the following is NOT a motive for people to draw to vegetarianism?

(1) They oppose eating animals because of their love for them.
(2) They find vegetarian food cheaper than non-vegetarian food.
(3) They want to live longer, healthier lives.
(4) They want to preserve earth’s natural resources.

Why: The passage names health, less pollution, saving resources and love for animals as motives. Cheapness is not mentioned.

127.Identify the clause of the underlined part of the following sentence.
“A low-fat vegetarian diet is the single most effective way in which we can stop the progression of coronary artery disease.”

(1) Adverb clause
(2) Principal clause
(3) Adjective clause
(4) Noun clause

Why: The clause ‘in which we can stop…’ describes the noun ‘way’. It is an adjective clause.

128.The implicit message that vegetarianism spreads is __________.

(1) natural way of life
(2) universal love and non-violence
(3) healthier lifestyle
(4) reduction in pollution

Why: [KEY] The CBSE final key credits option 1. The passage, however, says “Vegetarianism promotes a natural way of life. But despite its implicit message of universal love and non-violence…”, so the text itself names the implicit message as universal love and non-violence (option 2). Candidates were marked on option 1.

Source text not reproduced. This question and the ones that follow it are based on an extract that is still in copyright, so it is not reprinted here. Read it in the official question paper, then use the questions below.

129.Which one of the following words is most similar in meaning to the phrase ‘liquid getting thick’ as used in the passage?

(1) savage
(2) contained
(3) coagulate
(4) triggered

Why: To coagulate is for a liquid such as blood to become thick. The passage says the blood coagulates when a person is very angry.

130.Harmonious negotiation is needed for __________.

(1) negative emotions
(2) protection of young human race
(3) success in life
(4) self-control

Why: The passage says success in life is largely a matter of harmonious negotiation with other people.

131.Study the following statements:
(A) Lack of self-control makes people grief stricken.
(B) Harmonious negotiation with other people is required for self-control.

(1) Both (A) and (B) are correct.
(2) Both (A) and (B) are incorrect.
(3) Only (A) is correct.
(4) Only (B) is correct.

Why: Lack of self-control has brought grief to many people, so (A) is correct. The passage says negotiation needs self-control, not the other way round, so (B) is incorrect.

132.Identify the part of speech of the underlined word in the following sentence.
‘.......... and if this kept up for some time,..........’

(1) Conjunction
(2) Adverb
(3) Pronoun
(4) Preposition

Why: ‘For’ links the noun phrase ‘some time’ to the verb ‘kept up’ and shows duration. It is a preposition.

133.What did the young woman who was hearing the complaints do?

(1) She became sad.
(2) She became impatient.
(3) She became very angry.
(4) She kept her cool.

Why: The young woman at the complaint desk kept cool and smiled all the time, even when some women were abusive.

134.Which one of the following words is opposite in meaning to the word ‘pleasure’?

(1) grief
(2) damage
(3) loss
(4) anger

Why: Grief means deep sorrow. It is the opposite of pleasure.

135.What every successful person must have?

(1) Self-control
(2) Good environment
(3) Money
(4) Prestige

Why: The passage says every successful person must have a balance wheel for his or her emotions, that is, self-control.

136.‘All learners in school begin their education in the mother tongue and move on to add many more languages as they move forward in school.’ What is this known as in language-in-education policy?

(1) Mother as base for language education
(2) Mother tongue-based multilingualism
(3) Culture specific language-in-education policy
(4) Three language formula for school education

Why: Beginning in the mother tongue and adding more languages step by step is mother tongue-based multilingualism.

137.What is productive vocabulary?

(1) Words that we fail to recognize.
(2) Words that we may recall sometimes while listening.
(3) Words that we use in writing and speaking.
(4) Words that we recognize as we hear.

Why: Productive vocabulary is the words we can actively use in speaking and writing.

138.The language used in the classroom in the various content areas as the teacher presents and interact with students. What is this language skill known as?

(1) Language register
(2) Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
(3) Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills
(4) Language for real-life purposes

Why: The academic language of subjects used in class is Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP).

139.What do ‘form oriented language inputs’ refer to?

(1) Inputs which focus on information
(2) The potential of the input for learning to write
(3) Meaning of the inputs for learning the language
(4) Use of vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar

Why: Form-oriented input deals with the forms of language: vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar.

140.Which type of grammatical knowledge does the following statement mean? Knowledge about the form, describing it and applying it in limited practice.

(1) Procedural knowledge
(2) Declarative knowledge
(3) Competence
(4) Metacognitive knowledge

Why: Knowing about a form and being able to describe it, with only limited practice, is declarative knowledge.

141.What is the following task known as?
A piece of small text is made into two different chunks or every alternate sentence is given to a pair and each learner dictates to the other and the other writes. This process is reversed to make the other person listen and write and they can later work together to finalise the whole text.

(1) Mutual dictation
(2) Grammar dictation
(3) Transcreation
(4) Paragraph dictation

Why: Partners take turns dictating halves of a text to each other and then put it together. This is mutual dictation.

142.What does ‘Pedagogical realization of materials’ mean in language teaching?

(1) Enabling the teacher to understand the pedagogy in her classroom.
(2) To lists the various pedagogical strategies for classroom use.
(3) Embedding activities and tasks to promote language pedagogy.
(4) Embedding the pedagogy into the materials to enable the teacher to adopt the pedagogy.

Why: Pedagogical realisation means building the teaching method into the materials so that the teacher can follow it.

143.Which of the following is ‘assessment for learning’?

(1) Assessment by the state to diagnose the achievement of learners at a particular stage.
(2) Assessment designed to monitor students’ progress at the end of each term.
(3) Assessments designed to monitor and improve students’ progress during the teaching-learning process.
(4) Assessments designed to know students’ progress at the end of the year and for consideration to promote them.

Why: Assessment for learning happens during teaching to monitor and improve students’ progress.

144.Which one of the following statements would you NOT endorse for the teaching-learning of poetry?

(1) Poetry is for pleasure.
(2) Poetry is for teaching grammar.
(3) Poetry is for exercising the imagination of learners.
(4) Poetry is for working with language.

Why: Poetry is for enjoyment, imagination and working with language. Using it mainly to teach grammar is not endorsed.

145.What does the following task involve?
Learners are given a hotel menu and they have to order food for four people for an amount of Rs. 1800/-. One is a vegetarian, and other one is allergic to mushrooms. They have to keep Rs. 70 for auto rickshaw to go back hostel. Learners are speaking about what they will order, their preferences, and keeping the money to get back to the hostel.

(1) Cognitive strategies
(2) Present-Practice-Produce (language)
(3) Higher order thinking skills
(4) Study-Engage-Reflect-Use (language)

Why: Learners study a real menu, engage with the task, reflect on choices and use the language to decide. The CBSE key calls this Study-Engage-Reflect-Use.

146.Which of the following is true of the innateness hypothesis of language acquisition and language learning?

(1) Language faculty present in children makes them conceive language through intense practice and drilling.
(2) Language faculty present in children is responsible for the production and acquisition of language in children.
(3) Efforts of the parents, peers and those near to the child as well as the environment are responsible for language acquisition.
(4) Language is unique only to humans and only human who can speak a language.

Why: The innateness hypothesis says a language faculty present in children is responsible for acquiring and producing language.

147.Which one of the following are bottom-up listening activities?

(1) Rearranging the jumbled words into sentences as one listens.
(2) Recitation of poetry, extempore speech, debate and discussions.
(3) Dictation, cloze listening, use of multiple-choice questions, identifying positive and negative statements.
(4) Summarising, listening to the whole message and applying the background knowledge.

Why: Bottom-up listening builds meaning from sounds, words and sentences. Dictation, cloze listening and multiple-choice tasks are bottom-up activities.

148.‘Learning is a search for meaning. Therefore, learning must start with the issues around which learners are actively trying to make meaning.’ Which educational philosophy advocates the above idea?

(1) Multiple Intelligence
(2) Structuralism
(3) Behaviourism
(4) Constructivism

Why: Learning as a search for meaning that starts from learners’ own questions is the constructivist view.

149.A teacher gives the following assignment to her students of class VIII. What type of writing would this be described as? In pairs, brainstorm, jot down ideas and develop them into a good write-up giving two arguments in favour and two against the topic, Students do not need to have printed books any more.

(1) Discursive writing
(2) Descriptive writing
(3) Personal writing
(4) Expository writing

Why: Discussing arguments for and against a topic is discursive writing.

150.Sandhya reads an article on machine learning to find some information. What is her reading known as?

(1) Skimming
(2) Scanning
(3) Glancing
(4) Reviewing

Why: Reading to find specific information is scanning.

CTET February 2026 — Paper II (Maths and Science)

Choose your language papers

Central Teacher Eligibility Test — February 2026
Paper II (Maths and Science)

Part I — Child Development and Pedagogy

Part II — Mathematics and Science

Part IV — Language I — Hindi

Part V — Language II — English

Answer Key

CTET February 2026 — Paper II (Maths and Science)

Choose your language papers

Central Teacher Eligibility Test — February 2026Paper II (Maths and Science)

Part I — Child Development and Pedagogy

Part II — Mathematics and Science

Part IV — Language I — Hindi

Part V — Language II — English

Answer Key

Central Teacher Eligibility Test — February 2026
Paper II (Maths and Science)