MAK LABS — CTET 8 February 2026 Paper II (Maths and Science) Question Paper with Answer Key

1.Students learn efficiently and in meaningful ways when:

(1) new concept is completely different from previously learned material.
(2) their responses and subjective experiences are attended and valued.
(3) content is presented to them in the form of incoherent pieces of information.
(4) focus is on avoiding failure instead of approaching mastery.

Why: Learning is meaningful when the teacher values students’ responses and their own experiences. Disconnected content and fear of failure work against learning.

2.In an inclusive classroom, adaptations should be made in:
(a) Learning goals
(b) Teaching-learning strategies
(c) Provisioning of support
(d) Assessment

(1) (b), (c), (d)
(2) (a), (b), (c), (d)
(3) (a), (b), (d)
(4) (a), (c), (d)

Why: In an inclusive class, the goals, the teaching strategies, the support given and the assessment can all be adapted to meet children’s needs.

3.Assertion (A): Children in middle schools should be encouraged to write about their emotions on a daily/weekly basis and reflect upon them.
Reason (R): Understanding one’s emotions is a cognitive process that can lead to action.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Writing about emotions and reflecting on them helps children understand their feelings. Understanding emotions is a thinking process that can lead to right action. So (R) explains (A).

4.Assertion (A): Teachers should avoid collaborations, group work and interactions among students.
Reason (R): Learning is a passive process and occurs most effectively through memorization and imitation.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Collaboration and group work help learning, so (A) is false. Learning is an active process, not passive memorisation, so (R) is false too.

5.Assertion (A): Diversity and inclusion improve teaching and learning.
Reason (R): Engaging in conversations across differences hinders children’s ability to think critically and creatively.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Diversity and inclusion do improve teaching and learning, so (A) is true. Talking across differences helps critical and creative thinking, so (R) is false.

6.Assertion (A): Children who are struggling with dyslexia have trouble in phonological processing that makes it hard to decode words.
Reason (R): All children benefit from being encouraged in their areas of interest and ability.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Dyslexia does involve difficulty with phonological processing, and it is true that all children benefit from encouragement in their areas of strength. But (R) does not explain (A).

7.Which of the following statements about learning is not correct?

(1) Social interaction hinders learning.
(2) The most meaningful learning occurs within real-world tasks.
(3) Learners construct knowledge that makes sense to them.
(4) New learning depends on current understanding.

Why: Social interaction helps learning; it does not hinder it. So option 1 is the incorrect statement.

8.Two commonly used strategies for effective problem-solving are:

(1) Algorithms and response set
(2) Heuristics and response set
(3) Heuristics and algorithms
(4) Heuristics and functional fixedness

Why: Algorithms (step-by-step methods) and heuristics (rules of thumb) are the two common problem-solving strategies. Response set and functional fixedness are barriers.

9.According to constructivist theorists:

(1) Children learn best when information is presented to them in a final form.
(2) Children have a tendency to behave in unruly ways that needs to be corrected.
(3) Children have a natural tendency to ‘make sense’ of the world.
(4) Children learn only when extrinsically motivated.

Why: Constructivists hold that children actively try to make sense of the world and build their own knowledge.

10.Which of the following are effective teaching strategies to cater to diverse needs of learners in a classroom?
(a) Differentiated Instruction
(b) Standardized Curriculum
(c) Individualized Education Plans

(1) (a), (c)
(2) (a), (b), (c)
(3) (a), (b)
(4) (b), (c)

Why: Differentiated instruction and Individualised Education Plans meet the needs of different learners. A standardised curriculum treats everyone the same.

11.Which of the following is not an effective strategy in problem-solving?

(1) Overlooking relevant information
(2) Breaking down complex problems into simpler parts
(3) Recognizing patterns and relationships
(4) Using logical reasoning to solve problems

Why: Overlooking relevant information leads to wrong solutions. The other three are good problem-solving strategies.

12.A teacher is designing a lesson plan for a group of students with varying levels of understanding of a topic. According to Vygotsky’s theory, which of the following should the teacher consider when designing the lesson?

(1) The teacher should consider each student’s current level of understanding and provide appropriate support to help them to reach the next level.
(2) The teacher should only focus on the students who are already at an advanced level of understanding and provide them with more challenging work.
(3) The teacher should ask each student to work individually on the specified problem.
(4) The teacher should provide all students with the same level of challenge.

Why: Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development asks the teacher to start from each child’s present level and give suitable support (scaffolding) to reach the next level.

13.Characteristics such as ‘lacking reading fluency’, ‘reversion of words’, ‘tendency towards distraction’ are typical identifying characteristics of:

(1) Dementia
(2) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(3) Dyslexia
(4) Autism Spectrum Disorder

Why: Poor reading fluency and reversing letters or words are typical signs of dyslexia.

14.Students feel more motivated to learn in an environment which ensures:
(a) Belongingness
(b) Fear
(c) Rejection
(d) Safety

(1) (b), (c)
(2) (b), (d)
(3) (a), (b)
(4) (a), (d)

Why: Children are more motivated when they feel they belong and feel safe. Fear and rejection reduce motivation.

15.When learning new information, which of the following is a helpful strategy for children to use to ensure they understand the content material?
(a) Rereading the information once
(b) Asking questions and seeking clarification
(c) Pretending to understand
(d) Making up their own meanings for unfamiliar terms

(1) (c), (d)
(2) (a), (b), (c)
(3) (a), (b)
(4) (a), (c)

Why: Rereading and asking questions to clear doubts help understanding. Pretending to understand and making up meanings do not.

16.Assertion (A): When talking about differences, expressions that put the person ahead of the difference should be used such as using ‘the student with disabilities’ rather than ‘the disabled student’.
Reason (R): The language we use when talking about learners with differing needs shapes the perspective and attitudes.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Person-first language such as ‘the student with disabilities’ is used because the words we use shape attitudes. So (R) explains (A).

17.According to Piaget when children reach the point of being able to generalize and engage in mental trial and error by thinking up hypothesis and testing them in their heads they are in:

(1) Concrete operational stage
(2) Formal operational stage
(3) Sensorimotor stage
(4) Pre-operational stage

Why: Forming hypotheses and testing them mentally is abstract, logical thinking. It belongs to Piaget’s formal operational stage.

18.National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes on transforming assessment by:

(1) incorporating self-assessment and peer-assessment
(2) practicing unitary notion of intelligence
(3) devaluing socio-cultural context of students
(4) executing summative form of assessment

Why: NEP 2020 wants assessment to be holistic, including self-assessment and peer assessment.

19.According to Jean Piaget, cognitive development:

(1) is the process of acquiring the ability to use cultural tools.
(2) is the process of adaption to the environment by changing one’s schemas.
(3) is simple addition of new facts and ideas to the existing store of information.
(4) is dependent upon the development of language capabilities.

Why: For Piaget, cognitive development is adaptation to the environment. Children change their schemas through assimilation and accommodation.

20.Following Lev Vygotsky’s ideas, a teacher decided to give hints and cues to the students who were stuck on a given problem and let the students try to solve that problem again. By doing so, teacher is practicing the concept of __________.

(1) Functional Fixedness
(2) Scaffolding
(3) Assimilation
(4) Collective monologue

Why: Giving hints and cues so that a child can solve the problem is scaffolding.

21.As per constructivist approaches of learning, learning is facilitated when:

(1) Pedagogy is teacher-centric and culturally indifferent.
(2) Tasks are incoherent and disorderly.
(3) Activities are interactive and collaborative.
(4) Content is disconnected and eccentric.

Why: Constructivism says learning is helped by interactive and collaborative activities.

22.According to Lawrence Kohlberg around which ethics do very young children’s moral reasoning revolve?

(1) Ethics of perspectives of others
(2) Ethics of laws
(3) Ethics of egocentricism
(4) Ethics of care

Why: Kohlberg found that very young children reason from their own point of view, judging right and wrong by reward and punishment to themselves. This is egocentric reasoning.

23.Which of the following does not come under the category of sensory impairments?

(1) hard of hearing
(2) partial loss of vision
(3) colour blindness
(4) dysgraphia

Why: Dysgraphia is a learning disability affecting writing. It is not a sensory impairment like hearing loss, partial vision loss or colour blindness.

24.Assertion (A): If physical development of children is delayed then their social and emotional development gets affected.
Reason (R): There is developmental continuity in the course of children’s development.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Development in one area affects other areas, and development is continuous. So a delay in physical growth can affect social and emotional development. (R) explains (A).

25.Moving from conservative education towards progressive education requires shift from __________.

(1) performance-oriented goals to mastery-oriented goals
(2) teacher-centered pedagogy to exam-centered pedagogy
(3) formative evaluation to diagnostic evaluation
(4) integrated curriculum to standardized curriculum

Why: Progressive education moves away from performance (marks and ranks) towards mastery (real understanding).

26.Rapid increase in height and weight during adolescence that usually precedes sexual maturity is referred to as:

(1) Menstruation
(2) Pubescence
(3) Growth spurt
(4) Developmental trend

Why: The rapid rise in height and weight in adolescence is called the growth spurt.

27.Assertion (A): Though height and body build are primarily inherited characteristics, good nutrition and exercise also make a difference.
Reason (R): Heredity and environment interact in their effects on development.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Heredity and environment work together. Height is inherited, but nutrition and exercise also affect it. So (R) explains (A).

28.Assertion (A): Male characters in stories and books are often presented as strong and adventurous while female characters are shown as warm and sensitive.
Reason (R): Schools and curriculum influence gender-role identity as they are powerful agents of secondary socialization.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Why: Books and schools are agents of secondary socialisation, so the way they show male and female characters shapes gender roles. (R) explains (A).

29.A teacher should create a classroom culture where students’ motivation to learn is primarily focused to:

(1) understand and appreciate the process of learning.
(2) prove their worth to others.
(3) avoid shame of appearing ignorant.
(4) compete with each other.

Why: Motivation should come from understanding and enjoying learning itself, not from proving one’s worth or avoiding shame.

30.What is the role of peers in the socialization process?

(1) Peers are the primary agents of socialization for children.
(2) Peers have a greater influence on socialization during adolescence than during early childhood.
(3) Peers have no major influence on socialization.
(4) Peers have a minor influence on socialization compared to parents and other adults in all stages of development.

Why: Peers become more important in socialisation during adolescence than in early childhood, when family has the main influence.

31.Which of the following is an effective teaching-learning material to introduce basic concepts such as shapes, perimeter, area and characteristics of polygons?

(1) Cuisenaire rods
(2) Tangrams
(3) Geoboard
(4) Hanoi Tower

Why: A geoboard lets students make polygons with rubber bands and explore shape, perimeter and area directly.

32.If (2x − 10°) and (3x − 50°) are complementary angles, then the value of (4x + 40°) is:

(1) 160°
(2) 180°
(3) 120°
(4) 150°

Why: Complementary angles add up to 90°. So 5x − 60° = 90°, which gives x = 30°. Then 4x + 40° = 160°.

33.Which of the following statements related to project method in teaching of mathematics are correct?
(a) It is a method based on learning by doing.
(b) It is a method in which the role of the learner is minimum.
(c) It is a method which turns the learners into a discoverer.
(d) It is always based on deduction.
Choose the correct option:

(1) (c) and (d)
(2) (a) and (c)
(3) (a) and (b)
(4) (b) and (c)

Why: The project method is based on learning by doing and turns learners into discoverers. The learner’s role is central, not minimum, and it is not always deductive.

34.Tests which provide information about the relative performance of members of a specific group of students are called:

(1) Achievement tests
(2) Diagnostic tests
(3) Norm referenced tests
(4) Criterion referenced tests

Why: Norm-referenced tests compare a student’s performance with that of others in the group.

35.Which among the following is/are the purpose of formative assessment?
(a) Making assessment a part of teaching.
(b) Ranking and placement of children.
(c) Providing feedback to the children.
Choose the correct option:

(1) Only (c)
(2) (a) and (c)
(3) (a) and (b)
(4) (b) and (c)

Why: Formative assessment is part of teaching and gives feedback to children. Ranking and placement are purposes of summative assessment.

36.Which of the following measurements (in cm) can be the sides of a right triangle?

(1) 16, 30, 32
(2) 12, 50, 44
(3) 14, 50, 48
(4) 12, 20, 18

Why: 14² + 48² = 196 + 2304 = 2500 = 50². So 14, 48 and 50 can be the sides of a right triangle.

37.Renu loses 15% by selling an article A for ₹ 382.50 and gains 12% by selling article B for ₹ 616. If she sells both articles for ₹ 1,180, then her percentage gain is:

(1) 17.5%
(2) 18%
(3) 16.5%
(4) 17%

Why: Cost of A = 382·50 ÷ 0·85 = ₹ 450. Cost of B = 616 ÷ 1·12 = ₹ 550. Total cost = ₹ 1,000. Selling both for ₹ 1,180 gives a gain of ₹ 180, that is 18%.

38.“Developing an understanding about patterns is considered essential for teaching algebra”. Which of the following represents correct reason for the given statement?

(1) Patterns are associated with generalization
(2) Making patterns enhances creative mindset
(3) Patterns are comparatively easier
(4) Patterns have a lot of real-life application unlike algebra

Why: Working with patterns leads children to see the general rule behind them. This generalisation is the heart of algebra.

39.A swimming pool is 20 m in length, 15 m in breadth and 4 m in depth. What is the cost of plastering its floor and walls at ₹ 42 per m²?

(1) ₹ 24,780
(2) ₹ 25,200
(3) ₹ 24,276
(4) ₹ 24,360

Why: Floor = 20 × 15 = 300 m². Walls = 2(20 + 15) × 4 = 280 m². Total = 580 m². Cost = 580 × 42 = ₹ 24,360.

40.A pie chart is constructed for the following data:

Month	January	February	March	April	May	June
Number of computers sold	500	700	840	750	890	820

What will be the difference between the central angles of the sectors representing the number of computers sold in March and January?

(1) 28.8°
(2) 29°
(3) 27.2°
(4) 28°

Why: Total sold = 4500. Central angle for March = 840/4500 × 360° = 67·2°. For January = 500/4500 × 360° = 40°. Difference = 27·2°.

41.Which of the following problems is inter-disciplinary in nature?

(1) Write your name and draw the lines of symmetry in each alphabet wherever possible.
(2) Draw the lines of symmetry in a given geometrical figure.
(3) Draw the mirror image of a given figure.
(4) How many lines of symmetry are there in a given figure.

Why: Drawing lines of symmetry in the letters of one’s own name links mathematics with language. The other tasks stay within geometry.

42.Rajiv invested a sum of ₹ 7,000 at 20% p.a. for 1¹⁄₂ years, compounded half yearly, and his friend Amit invested a sum of ₹ 8,000 at 10% p.a. for 2 years, compounded annually. What is the difference between the interest received by Rajiv and Amit, at maturity?

(1) ₹ 638
(2) ₹ 634
(3) ₹ 637
(4) ₹ 632

Why: Rajiv: 10% per half-year for 3 half-years, so amount = 7000 × 1·1³ = ₹ 9,317 and interest = ₹ 2,317. Amit: amount = 8000 × 1·1² = ₹ 9,680 and interest = ₹ 1,680. Difference = ₹ 637.

43.If x, y and z are respectively the number of faces, vertices and edges of a triangular pyramid, then:

(1) 2x + 2z − 3y = 6
(2) 3x + 3y − 2z = 6
(3) 2x + 3y − 2z = 8
(4) 3x + 2y − 3z = 4

Why: A triangular pyramid has 4 faces, 4 vertices and 6 edges, so x = 4, y = 4, z = 6. Then 2x + 3y − 2z = 8 + 12 − 12 = 8.

44.Which among the following is the most appropriate ‘Method of Proof’ for proving √2 is an irrational number?

(1) Contradiction
(2) Induction
(3) Direct Proof
(4) Contrapositive

Why: We assume √2 = p/q in lowest terms and show this leads to a contradiction. This is proof by contradiction.

45.A student was asked to arrange the following numbers in descending order,
−20, −150, 0, 23, 46
The student wrote the following answer,
−150, −20, 0, 23, 46
Which of the following is most appropriate for the response of the student?

(1) The student does not know the concept of integers.
(2) The student needs to recall the rules of addition of integers.
(3) The student has written the numbers in correct order.
(4) The student has understood the concept of arranging integers but has done a mistake by arranging them in increasing order.

Why: The student has arranged the numbers correctly but in ascending order instead of descending order. The concept is clear; the error is in the order asked for.

46.A and D are two points lying on the same side of line segment BC, such that AB=5 cm, AC=8 cm, BC=4 cm, BD=8 cm and CD=5 cm. Then,

(1) ΔABC ≅ ΔDBC, by SSS
(2) ΔABC ≅ ΔDCB, by SSS
(3) ΔABC ≅ ΔDBC, by SAS
(4) ΔABC ≅ ΔDCB, by SAS

Why: AB = DC = 5 cm, AC = DB = 8 cm and BC = CB = 4 cm. Matching A↔D, B↔C, C↔B gives ΔABC ≅ ΔDCB by SSS.

47.Which of the following number is not divisible by 72?

(1) 88848
(2) 88704
(3) 95112
(4) 95142

Why: A number divisible by 72 must be divisible by 8 and 9. In 95142 the last three digits 142 are not divisible by 8, so it is not divisible by 72.

48.The following observations have been written in the ascending order:
28, 31, 47, 51, a, a + 3, 71, 74, 78, 90
If the median of the data is 61.5, then the mean of the data is:

(1) 59.2
(2) 59.3
(3) 58.1
(4) 58.4

Why: There are 10 values, so the median = (a + a + 3)/2 = 61·5, which gives a = 60. The sum is 593, so the mean = 593 ÷ 10 = 59·3.

49.One of the factors of 4x² + 9y² + 12xy − 5(2x + 3y) − 14 is:

(1) 2x + 3y − 7
(2) 2x + 3y + 7
(3) 2x + 3y + 14
(4) 2x + 3y − 2

Why: 4x² + 9y² + 12xy = (2x + 3y)². With t = 2x + 3y, the expression is t² − 5t − 14 = (t − 7)(t + 2). So 2x + 3y − 7 is a factor.

50.If 5(3x + 4) − 8(6x + 7) = 9x − 8, then what is the value of (3x + 4)?

(1) 2
(2) 3
(3) 0
(4) 1

Why: 15x + 20 − 48x − 56 = 9x − 8 gives −42x = 28, so x = −2/3. Then 3x + 4 = −2 + 4 = 2.

51.“While teaching the concept of ‘Discount on items’ a teacher can plan a trip to a local market.” The most appropriate reason for this is:

(1) It would be a time for enjoyment for both teacher and students.
(2) It is mandatory to have such type of field trip as suggested by National Curriculum Framework 2005.
(3) It would provide opportunity to the students to formally learn the mathematical concepts.
(4) It would provide opportunity to students to see different advertisements related to ‘sales’ and to discuss with shopkeepers how to calculate it.

Why: A market trip lets students see sale offers and talk to shopkeepers about how discounts are worked out. This links the concept to real life.

52.If a + b = ¹⁷⁄₆ and ab = 2, then what is the value of (a − b), where a > b?

(1) ¹⁄₆
(2) ¹⁄₁₂
(3) ¹⁄₃
(4) ²⁄₃

Why: (a − b)² = (a + b)² − 4ab = 289/36 − 8 = 1/36. Since a > b, a − b = 1/6.

53.In a quadrilateral ABCD, if AB ∥ DC, ∠B = 70° and AB = CD, then:

(1) ∠C = 70°, ∠D = 110°
(2) ∠A = 110°, ∠C = 110°
(3) ∠A = 70°, ∠C = 70°
(4) ∠A = 70°, ∠D = 110°

Why: One pair of opposite sides is equal and parallel, so ABCD is a parallelogram. Adjacent angles add up to 180°, so ∠A = ∠C = 110° and ∠D = ∠B = 70°.

54.The product of two rational numbers is −⁴⁰⁄₃. If one of them is −⁵⁄₂, and the reciprocal of the other is x, then what is the value of (8x + 2¹⁄₄)?

(1) 3¹⁄₂
(2) 3³⁄₄
(3) 4¹⁄₂
(4) 4³⁄₄

Why: The other number = (−40/3) ÷ (−5/2) = 16/3, so x = 3/16. Then 8x = 3/2, and 3/2 + 9/4 = 15/4 = 3³⁄₄.

55.The height of a cylinder is three times the radius of its base. If the area of the base is 616 cm², then what is the capacity (in litres) of the cylinder? (Use π = ²²⁄₇)

(1) 17.248
(2) 34.496
(3) 12.936
(4) 25.872

Why: πr² = 616 gives r = 14 cm, so h = 42 cm. Volume = 616 × 42 = 25872 cm³ = 25·872 litres.

56.Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?
(a) A number never exceeds its square.
(b) All negative numbers exceeds their cubes.
(c) A number never exceeds its cube.
(d) The square root of a prime number is not a rational number.

(1) (b) only
(2) (d) only
(3) (a) and (b)
(4) (b) and (c)

Why: 0·5 is greater than its square 0·25, so (a) is false. −0·5 is less than its cube −0·125, so (b) is false. 0·5 is greater than its cube 0·125, so (c) is false. The square root of a prime number is always irrational, so only (d) is true.

57.If ^x⁄_y = (−¹⁄₃)⁻³ ÷ (²⁄₃)⁻⁴, then the value of (^x⁄_y + ^y⁄_x)⁻¹ × (^y⁄_x)⁻¹ is:

(1) ¹⁴⁵⁄₉
(2) ²⁶⁵⁄₉
(3) ¹⁶⁵⁄₄₈
(4) ¹⁵⁵⁄₃

Why: Bonus question: the CBSE key gives marks for every option. Working it out: x/y = (−27) ÷ (81/16) = −16/3, so y/x = −3/16. Then (x/y + y/x)⁻¹ = (−265/48)⁻¹ = −48/265, and multiplying by (y/x)⁻¹ = −16/3 gives 256/265. This matches none of the options.

58.The perimeters of two circular fields C₁ and C₂ are 40π m and 96π m, respectively. What is the radius of the third circular field C₃ whose area is equal to the sum of the areas of C₁ and C₂?

(1) 52 m
(2) 53 m
(3) 68 m
(4) 51 m

Why: The radii are 20 m and 48 m. Area of C₃ = π(20² + 48²) = π × 2704, so its radius = √2704 = 52 m.

59.On which numeration system the clocks are based?

(1) Hexadecimal System
(2) Binary System
(3) Sexagesimal System
(4) Decimal System

Why: Clocks count 60 seconds in a minute and 60 minutes in an hour. This is the base-60 (sexagesimal) system.

60.The value of (√5043 × √50) ÷ (√32 × √1323) is:

(1) ²¹⁵⁄₄₂
(2) ²¹⁵⁄₈₄
(3) ²⁰⁵⁄₄₂
(4) ²⁰⁵⁄₈₄

Why: 5043 = 3 × 41², 50 = 2 × 5², 32 = 2 × 4² and 1323 = 3 × 21². So the value = (41 × 5 × √6) ÷ (4 × 21 × √6) = 205/84.

61.Which of the following attributes would you associate with ‘Scientific temper’?
(A) Perseverance in carrying out scientific investigations.
(B) Creativity in coming up with big problems to be investigated and breaking them down into smaller ‘solvable’ parts.
(C) Scepticism towards non-scientific beliefs.
(D) Commitment towards cultural preservation.

(1) (A), (C) and (D)
(2) (A), (B), (C) and (D)
(3) (A), (B) and (D)
(4) (A), (B) and (C)

Why: Scientific temper includes perseverance, creativity in framing and breaking down problems, and scepticism towards beliefs without evidence. Commitment to cultural preservation is not part of it.

62.Read the following statements and choose the correct option.
Process A – Galvanization to prevent rusting.
Process B – Electroplating of copper.

(1) Both the processes A and B are physical changes.
(2) Both the processes A and B are chemical changes.
(3) Process A is a physical change and B is a chemical change.
(4) Process A is a chemical change and B is a physical change.

Why: The CBSE key treats galvanisation (coating iron with zinc) as a physical change and electroplating (deposition by electrolysis) as a chemical change.

63.A teacher is doing an activity on density. Students observe that a steel spoon sinks in water but a steel bowl floats. She asks students, ‘why do you think the bowl did not sink? What will make it sink?’ Which of the following process skills is the teacher trying to develop among her learners?

(1) Experimenting
(2) Inferring
(3) Hypothesizing
(4) Observing

Why: Asking ‘why did the bowl not sink?’ and ‘what will make it sink?’ makes students suggest possible explanations. This develops hypothesising.

64.Which of the following will NOT contribute to professional development of science teachers?

(1) Regular reading of science content given in science textbooks.
(2) Visits to planetariums, industries and science museums.
(3) Cultivation of hobbies in areas related to science such as robotics and electronics.
(4) Regular meetings with teachers from neighbouring schools.

Why: Reading only the textbook content regularly does not add to a teacher’s growth. Visits, hobbies and meeting other teachers do.

65.Which of the following tasks would be least suitable for developing an understanding of the relationship of science with society among learners?

(1) Concept map on sources of energy
(2) Poster competition on contribution of Indian scientists to the World
(3) Debate on nuclear energy
(4) Group project on latest developments in science and technology

Why: A concept map on sources of energy organises facts but does not deal with how science affects society. Debates and projects on science and society do.

66.Identify the metals on the basis of their reaction with water.
A – reacts violently with cold water
B – reacts with steam only
C – does not react with water

(1) Calcium, Zinc, Iron
(2) Magnesium, Aluminium, Silver
(3) Potassium, Iron, Copper
(4) Sodium, Copper, Aluminium

Why: Potassium reacts violently with cold water, iron reacts only with steam, and copper does not react with water at all.

67.Which of the following is not done during the process of treatment of waste water?

(1) Inorganic impurities such as nitrates and phosphates are removed by chlorination.
(2) Sand, grit and pebbles are made to settle by decreasing the speed of waste water.
(3) Sludge is scraped out and skimmer removes the grease.
(4) Waste water enters a grit and sand removal tank.

Why: Nitrates and phosphates are not removed by chlorination. Chlorination is used only to kill germs. The other steps are part of waste water treatment.

68.While discussing about nature of Science in his class, a teacher makes the following remark - ‘A scientist is open-minded’. What does this remark highlight about scientists?

(1) They openly share their ideas with everyone.
(2) They do not agree with the views of other scientists.
(3) They constantly come up with new ideas.
(4) They also consider ideas which go against their own ideas.

Why: An open-minded scientist is willing to consider ideas and evidence that go against his or her own views.

69.Read the statements given below and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): Small intestine is the site of complete digestion of food.
Reason (R): Villi have a large surface area which helps the small intestine in absorption of food.

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reasoning for (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reasoning for (A).

Why: Digestion is completed in the small intestine, so (A) is true. The villi give a large surface to absorb the digested food, so (R) is true. The CBSE key treats (R) as the correct reason.

70.The free ends of an electric circuit comprising a cell and switch are connected one by one to wires A, B, C and D. Which of these wires would produce least amount of heat?

Wire	length (cm)	Area of Cross-section (m²)
A	10	10 × 10⁻⁸
B	10	8 × 10⁻⁸
C	12	6 × 10⁻⁸
D	5	10 × 10⁻⁸

(1) C
(2) D
(3) A
(4) B

Why: With the same cell, heat = V²t/R, so the wire with the highest resistance gives the least heat. R depends on length ÷ area: A = 1, B = 1·25, C = 2, D = 0·5. Wire C has the highest resistance.

71.Read the excerpt given below and answer the question.
French scientist Henri Becquerel was working on phosphorescent materials, which glow in the dark after exposure to light. He believed that sunlight was the reason that the crystal would burn its image on a photographic plate. On a stormy day in 1896, he decided to leave it for few days and resume his experiments later. A few days later, he took his crystal out of a darkened drawer. He noticed that the image burned on the plate was ‘fogged’ which meant that the crystal had still emitted rays, despite the lack of sunlight.
What does the above excerpt illustrate about science?

(1) Scientific knowledge is tentative.
(2) Science is procedural more than creative.
(3) Scientific discovery can be serendipitous.
(4) Science is a solitary pursuit.

Why: Becquerel found radioactivity by chance when he kept his crystal in a drawer on a cloudy day. A discovery made by luck is serendipitous.

72.Match the animal with the mode of feeding.

(a) Housefly	(i) Biting and chewing
(b) Humming bird	(ii) Sucking
(c) Cockroach	(iii) Sponging
(d) Infants	(iv) Suckling

(1) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii), (d)-(ii)
(2) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
(3) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
(4) (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iv)

Why: A housefly feeds by sponging, a hummingbird by sucking nectar, a cockroach by biting and chewing, and infants by suckling milk.

73.Which of the following is a mismatched set?
(Column A – Column B – Column C)

(1) Bleaching powder – CaOCl₂ – Used in Laundry
(2) Slaked lime – CaO – Used for lowering the acidity of soil
(3) Plaster of Paris – CaSO₄·½H₂O – Used in coating walls
(4) Gypsum – CaSO₄·2H₂O – Used in Dentistry

Why: Slaked lime is Ca(OH)₂, not CaO. CaO is quicklime. So option 2 is mismatched.

74.In a science class, Mr. Sumit brought some material. It was a water bottle, a glass and thick paper sheet. He poured water in the glass and put the thick paper sheet on it. Slowly and carefully, he inverted the glass and removed his hand from there. Learners were surprised that paper had stuck on the glass and water was not coming out. Some students said that paper had glue inside while others said it had stuck due to water inside the bottle. What, according to you, was the objective of doing this task?
(A) Help learners to understand that experiments are the principal route to scientific knowledge.
(B) Encourage learners to construct explanations based on their observations.
(C) Encourage learners to ask questions.

(1) (C) and (A)
(2) (A), (B) and (C)
(3) (A) and (B)
(4) (B) and (C)

Why: The activity shows that experiments lead to knowledge, makes students explain what they see, and raises questions. The CBSE key accepts all three aims.

75.Read the following excerpt.
‘There was a belief that all living beings on earth were created by God. However, Darwin and Wallance came up with the idea that life forms evolved on the earth from previously existing forms of life’.
What does the above excerpt illustrate about the nature of Science?

(1) Science is tentative.
(2) Science is interdisciplinary.
(3) Science is value neutral.
(4) Science progresses by following the scientific method.

Why: An old belief was replaced by the theory of evolution when new evidence came. This shows that science is tentative and can change.

76.Which of the following cannot be separated by Crystallization?

(1) Mixture of Zinc chloride and Lead (II) chloride
(2) Solution of methyl alcohol and potassium permanganate
(3) Harvesting salt from impure sample
(4) Separation of Alum from impure sample

Why: Crystallisation separates a dissolved solid from its solution or from impurities, as with salt, alum, or zinc chloride and lead chloride. Methyl alcohol is a volatile liquid, so a solution of potassium permanganate in it is separated by evaporation or distillation instead.

77.Sana and Priya measure their body temperature using thermometers. Sana recorded her body temperature to be 98.6°F while Priya recorded hers to be 38.4°C.
Which of the following statement is true?

(1) Both Sana and Priya have same body temperature.
(2) Both Sana and Priya are suffering from fever.
(3) Body temperature of Sana is more than that of Priya.
(4) Body temperature of Priya is more than that of Sana.

Why: 98·6°F = 37°C, which is normal. Priya’s 38·4°C is higher, so Priya’s temperature is more than Sana’s.

78.Choose the correct statements from the given set of statements.
(A) Clayey soil contains sand and silt.
(B) Percolation of water is faster in loamy soil than clayey soil.
(C) Sandy soil has a greater proportion of big particles.
(D) Loamy soil contains humus.

(1) (C) and (D)
(2) (A) and (D)
(3) (A) and (B)
(4) (B) and (C)

Why: Bonus question: the CBSE key gives marks for every option. More than two of the statements can be defended (sandy soil has big particles, loamy soil has humus, and water percolates faster in loam than in clay), so no single option fits exactly.

79.Sample of 4 metals A, B, C and D were added to the following solutions separately. The results observed are shown below. What is the order of reactivities of these metals?

Metal	FeSO₄	CuSO₄	ZnSO₄
A	No change	a green deposit	–
B	a grey deposit	a brown deposit	No change
C	–	No change	–
D	a brown deposit	–	A white coating on metal

(1) D < B < A < C
(2) C < A < D < B
(3) C < A < B < D
(4) A < C < B < D

Why: C does not displace copper, so it is the least reactive. A displaces copper but not iron. B displaces iron and copper but not zinc. D displaces even zinc, so it is the most reactive. Order: C < A < B < D.

80.Which of the following parts of the solar cooker is responsible for greenhouse effect?

(1) Glass sheet
(2) Black coloured coating inside the box
(3) Mirror
(4) Outer cover of the solar cooker

Why: The glass sheet lets sunlight in but does not let the heat escape. This trapping of heat is the greenhouse effect.

81.Read the following and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): Science textbooks should include biographies of scientists.
Reason (R): Narrating biographies of great scientists inspires students to learn how scientists make discoveries by following a universal scientific method.

(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reasoning for (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reasoning for (A).

Why: Biographies of scientists are useful in textbooks, so (A) is true. But there is no single universal scientific method that all scientists follow, so (R) is false.

82.Consider the two statements S₁ and S₂ given below and choose the correct option.
S₁ – Non-zero work has to be done on a moving particle to change its momentum.
S₂ – To change momentum of a particle, a non-zero net force should act on it.

(1) Both S₁ and S₂ are true.
(2) Both S₁ and S₂ are false.
(3) S₁ is true but S₂ is false.
(4) S₁ is false but S₂ is true.

Why: In uniform circular motion momentum keeps changing direction, yet no work is done. So S₁ is false. Any change in momentum needs a net force, so S₂ is true.

83.A ray of light travels from an optically denser medium to an optically rarer medium. What will be the change in the frequency of light?

(1) No Change
(2) First increase and then decrease
(3) Increase
(4) Decrease

Why: The frequency of light depends only on the source. It does not change when light goes from one medium to another; only speed and wavelength change.

84.Four test tubes A, B, C and D with different liquids are taken. Test tube A contains glucose solution; test tube B contains turmeric solution, test tube C contains detergent solution and test tube D contains pure water. Which of the following will you observe when you put?
(a) a piece of blue litmus paper in each test tube
(b) a piece of red litmus paper in each test tube
(c) few drops of phenolphthalein solution to each test tube

	Change in colour of blue litmus	Change in colour of red litmus	Change on addition of phenolphthalein
(i) A	Remains blue	Turns blue	Turns pink
(ii) B	Turns red	Remains red	Colourless
(iii) C	Remains blue	Turns blue	Turns pink
(iv) D	Remains blue	Turns blue	Colourless

(1) (i) and (iii) are correct.
(2) (ii) and (iv) are correct.
(3) (i) and (ii) are correct.
(4) (ii) and (iii) are correct.

Why: Bonus question: the CBSE key gives marks for every option. Detergent is basic, so row (iii) is correct. But glucose solution and pure water are neutral and would not turn red litmus blue, and turmeric solution does not turn blue litmus red. So no option has two correct rows.

85.Read the following statements and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): While preparing a dough for bread, baking powder is added along with yeast to facilitate fermentation.
Reason (R): Baking powder acts as food for yeast.

(1) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reasoning for (A).
(4) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reasoning for (A).

Why: Baking powder is not needed for fermentation and is not food for yeast; yeast feeds on sugar. Both statements are false.

86.Match the hormones given in Column A with their deficiency disease given in Column B.

Column A	Column B
(a) Adrenal hormone	(i) Dwarfism
(b) Growth hormone	(ii) Goitre
(c) Thyroxine	(iii) Diabetes
(d) Insulin	(iv) Salt imbalance

(1) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)
(2) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
(3) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii), (d)-(ii)
(4) (a)-(i), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)

Why: Lack of adrenal hormone (aldosterone) upsets the salt balance, growth hormone deficiency causes dwarfism, thyroxine deficiency causes goitre and insulin deficiency causes diabetes.

87.Which of the following statements is true regarding cyclones?

(1) Warm air rises and high pressure is created.
(2) Cool air rises and high pressure is created.
(3) Warm air rises and low pressure is created.
(4) Cool air rises and low pressure is created.

Why: In a cyclone, warm moist air rises and creates a low-pressure area. Surrounding air rushes in, causing strong winds.

88.Which method of reproduction is common to fungus, moss and fern?

(1) Spore formation
(2) Regeneration
(3) Budding
(4) Fragmentation

Why: Fungi, mosses and ferns all reproduce by spores.

89.A student has an alternative conception that air contracts on heating. Which of the following strategies would you adopt to challenge this alternative conception?

(1) Ask students to refer to the textbook for examples from daily life where air expands on heating.
(2) Ask the students to attach a deflated balloon to the mouth of a bottle containing air and place the bottle in water bath containing boiling water and note down the observations.
(3) Explain the difference between conduction and convection to illustrate that air is a poor conductor of heat.
(4) Ask students to do an activity which involves filling a plastic bottle to half of its capacity with very hot water, capping tightly and keeping it aside for few minutes. Ask students to note down the observations.

Why: Fixing a deflated balloon on a bottle of air and warming it in hot water shows the balloon inflating. Children see for themselves that air expands on heating.

90.Match the organism in Column A with its action in Column B.

Column A	Column B
(a) Yeast	(i) Causing cholera
(b) Protozoan	(ii) Causing AIDS
(c) Bacteria	(iii) Producing antibodies
(d) Virus	(iv) Baking of bread
	(v) Causing malaria

(1) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(v)
(2) (a)-(i), (b)-(v), (c)-(iii), (d)-(ii)
(3) (a)-(iv), (b)-(v), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
(4) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(v)

Why: Yeast is used in baking bread, a protozoan (Plasmodium) causes malaria, a bacterium causes cholera and a virus (HIV) causes AIDS.

Source text not reproduced. This question and the ones that follow it are based on an extract that is still in copyright, so it is not reprinted here. Read it in the official question paper, then use the questions below.

91.Which one of the following words is most opposite in meaning to the word, ‘retrieve’?

(1) remedy
(2) abandon
(3) recover
(4) rectify

Why: To retrieve means to get something back. Its opposite is to abandon, that is, to give up or leave behind.

92.Pelicans beat their wings over water also to __________.

(1) help their short legs
(2) swallow the fish
(3) dive on the fish
(4) push the fish towards the shallow water

Why: Pelicans form a line or a U and beat their wings on the water to drive the fish into shallow water, where they scoop them up.

93.Pelicans usually live __________.

(1) water bodies
(2) in colonies
(3) near cities
(4) in North America

Why: The passage says pelicans are found on coastlines and along lakes and rivers, that is, near water bodies.

94.Pelicans webbed feet make them __________.

(1) powerful swimmers.
(2) look large with short legs.
(3) have their toes tied.
(4) look awkward on land.

Why: Thanks to their webbed feet, pelicans are strong swimmers once they are in water.

95.Which one of the following words is most similar in meaning to the word, ‘splendid’?

(1) magnificent
(2) ordinary
(3) huge
(4) high

Why: Splendid means very fine or grand. Magnificent is the closest in meaning.

96.Identify the clause in the underlined part of the sentence.
When the fish collect in the shallows, the pelicans simply scoop them up.

(1) Adverb clause of place
(2) Adverb clause of time
(3) Adverb clause of manner
(4) Adverb clause of purpose

Why: The clause begins with ‘when’ and tells us when the pelicans scoop up the fish. It is an adverb clause of time.

97.Study the following statements:
(A) The baby pelicans pick their food from their parents’ pouches.
(B) The fish are kept in the pouches and eaten when the pelican feel hungry.

(1) Both (A) and (B) are right.
(2) Both (A) and (B) are wrong.
(3) (A) is right and (B) is wrong.
(4) (B) is right and (A) is wrong.

Why: Young pelicans take food from their parents’ throats, not pouches, so (A) is wrong. Pelicans do not store fish in the pouch; they swallow them at once, so (B) is wrong.

98.Identify the clause of the underlined part of the sentence.
Chemical pesticides, which damage the eggs of pelicans, devastate the sea birds.

(1) Noun clause
(2) Principal clause
(3) Adverb clause
(4) Adjective clause

Why: The clause begins with ‘which’ and describes the noun ‘pesticides’. It is an adjective (relative) clause.

99.How does the brown pelican catch the fish?

(1) By beating their wings.
(2) By cornering the fish into low waters.
(3) By diving on the fish from above.
(4) By storing the fish in their pouch.

Why: The passage says the brown pelican dives on the fish from above and traps them in its bill.

Source text not reproduced. This question and the ones that follow it are based on an extract that is still in copyright, so it is not reprinted here. Read it in the official question paper, then use the questions below.

100.According to the poem, which of the following kind of house is NOT found in the meadows?

(1) nest
(2) stable
(3) burrows
(4) ant’s mound

Why: The poem mentions burrows, nests and the ant’s mound. A stable is not mentioned.

101.Study the following statements:
(A) The rabbit is hiding in a burrow.
(B) The buttercup is tempting a butterfly.

(1) Both (A) and (B) are right.
(2) Both (A) and (B) are wrong.
(3) (A) is right and (B) is wrong.
(4) (B) is right and (A) is wrong.

Why: The rabbit is sitting very still in the grass, not hiding in a burrow, so (A) is wrong. The CBSE key accepts (B): the butterfly rests on the buttercup to sip its nectar.

102.‘A butterfly unfolding its drinking straws’. Which figure of speech is used in the above line?

(1) metaphor
(2) imagery
(3) alliteration
(4) simile

Why: The butterfly’s feeding tube is called its ‘drinking straws’ without using ‘like’ or ‘as’. This direct comparison is a metaphor.

103.Which surprises do the meadows not hold for us?

(1) hopping of a frog out of the brook
(2) a butterfly feeding on nectar
(3) softness of the grass
(4) soft murmur of the stream

Why: The poem talks of the butterfly, the soft grass and listening by the brook. A frog hopping out of the brook is not mentioned.

104.How will you find a rabbit?

(1) When he hops
(2) When he is sleeping
(3) When he is in his burrow
(4) When he is sitting still

Why: ‘Though at first you may not see him, when he hops you will.’ You find the rabbit when it hops.

105.What does the poet mean by velvet grass?

(1) grass as soft as velvet
(2) grass made of velvet thread
(3) the carpet of velvet
(4) grass shining like velvet

Why: ‘Velvet grass’ describes grass that is as soft as velvet.

106.Which of the following is NOT the aim of multilingualism in school education?

(1) Learning of mother tongue, Hindi and English under three language formula.
(2) All children begin their schooling with their mother tongue and move on to add many (at least two more) languages.
(3) Making use of the languages of learners for teaching-learning in school.
(4) Learning of the mother tongue as a language and as medium of learning, as far as possible.

Why: The three-language formula is a policy arrangement. The aims of multilingualism are to begin in the mother tongue, add more languages, and use learners’ languages in teaching.

107.Which of the following is true in terms of the objectives of Learning Outcomes?
(a) promote competency-based learning rather than content focused learning.
(b) enable learners to master the language skills necessary to become creative users of language.
(c) master the content and be able to apply it later.
(d) enable learners to learn to use language for specific purposes.

(1) (d) and (c) are true
(2) (a) and (d) are true
(3) (c) alone is true
(4) (b) and (c) are true

Why: Learning outcomes promote competency-based learning rather than content learning, and help learners use language for specific purposes.

108.Mrs. Usha Rani, a teacher of English at the Government High School, supports her learners to speak the English language by making them use the language for day-to-day purposes and by teaching them formulaic usages. What does she attempt to develop in her learner?

(1) Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
(2) Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills
(3) Communication Skills
(4) Interpersonal Skills

Why: Using language for day-to-day talk and set phrases builds Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS), as described by Jim Cummins.

109.Rahul, a learner of class VI while learning the new grammatical form is able to connect what he has already learned. Which of the following strategies comes from this?

(1) Metacognitive strategies
(2) Both cognitive and metacognitive strategies
(3) Heuristic strategies
(4) Cognitive strategies

Why: Linking new learning with what one already knows is a cognitive strategy. Metacognitive strategies are about planning and checking one’s own learning.

110.A teacher collects a particular pattern of errors of learners of class VII and discusses them once a month to make her learners aware of their errors. She does not reveal who committed those errors. She also asks her learners to reflect on their errors. What is this practice known as?

(1) Providing feedback
(2) Error analysis
(3) Study and engagement with grammar
(4) Teaching grammar

Why: Collecting common errors, discussing them without naming anyone and asking learners to reflect is a form of feedback based on error analysis. The CBSE key accepts both options 1 and 2.

111.Select two appropriate readings to promote school-based assessment.
(a) It helps in the promotion of autonomy among both learners and teachers.
(b) It gives scope for the school to plan on their own.
(c) It takes away the examination board’s power.
(d) It does not involve learner as an active participant in the processes of planning the assessment.

(1) (c) and (d)
(2) (d) and (a)
(3) (a) and (b)
(4) (b) and (c)

Why: School-based assessment gives autonomy to learners and teachers and lets schools plan on their own.

112.Which approach to language teaching advocates words and word chunks as the foundation for language learning?

(1) Lexical approach
(2) Grammar translation method
(3) Task based language learning
(4) Communicative approach

Why: The lexical approach treats words and word chunks (lexis) as the base of language learning.

113.A teacher of class VII reads out the short text of seven sentences. Then she asks her learners to listen to it carefully and recreate the text nearer to it, not exactly the same text. What is this strategy known as?

(1) Bottom-up strategy
(2) Paragraph dictation
(3) Schema creation
(4) Top-down strategy

Why: Listening to a short text and then rebuilding it in one’s own words is a form of paragraph dictation (dictogloss).

114.Which of the following statements best describes ‘procedural knowledge’ in the context of learning grammar?

(1) learning the rules of grammar and reproduce it later.
(2) Understanding how a grammatical form works from a grammar book.
(3) knowing about the form.
(4) knowing what a grammatical form is and using it.

Why: Procedural knowledge is knowing how to use a form, not just knowing about it. It means knowing what a grammatical form is and using it.

115.Words that we recognise when we hear or see them are known as:

(1) Receptive vocabulary
(2) Engaging vocabulary
(3) Lexis
(4) Productive vocabulary

Why: Words we understand when we hear or read them form our receptive vocabulary. Words we use in speaking and writing form our productive vocabulary.

116.What is the innateness hypothesis in language acquisition and language learning?

(1) It believes that all human beings possess language knowledge at birth.
(2) It believes that language is learned as a result of habit formation.
(3) It rejects the idea that all languages have grammars and all children learn them in their own way.
(4) It believes that all human beings can learn languages through physical drilling and conditioning.

Why: The innateness hypothesis (Chomsky) says humans are born with a capacity for language.

117.What does ‘content-oriented language inputs’ refer to?

(1) language inputs that focus on information
(2) vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, etc.
(3) language input, which focuses on how language is used
(4) presentation of the inputs and its processes

Why: Content-oriented input focuses on information, that is, on the message. Form-oriented input focuses on vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar.

118.Which educational philosophy advocates the following?
Learning environment such as real-world settings or case-based learning are used instead of predetermined sequences of instruction.

(1) Audiolingualism
(2) Cognitivism
(3) Nativism
(4) Constructivism

Why: Using real-world settings and cases instead of fixed sequences of instruction is a constructivist approach.

119.Which one of the following does not come under institutional writing?

(1) Curriculum Vitae
(2) Reviews
(3) Notes of Condolence
(4) Business letter

Why: CVs, reviews and business letters are institutional (formal) writing. A note of condolence is personal writing.

120.Vani is reading an article in order to get a general overview of the text. What is her reading known as?

(1) Skimming
(2) Critical reading
(3) Drawing Inference
(4) Scanning

Why: Reading quickly to get a general overview is skimming. Scanning is looking for specific information.

Source text not reproduced. This question and the ones that follow it are based on an extract that is still in copyright, so it is not reprinted here. Read it in the official question paper, then use the questions below.

121.‘जागृति’ का विलोम है -

(1) सृष्टि
(2) सुषुप्ति
(3) सचेत
(4) सीमित

Why: जागृति का अर्थ है जागना। इसका विलोम सुषुप्ति (सोई हुई अवस्था) है।

122.‘अध्ययन से विकास, उन्नति और प्रगति के रास्ते खुलते हैं।’ यह भाव गद्यांश की किस पंक्ति में व्यक्त किया गया है?

(1) ‘अध्ययन’ का सामान्य अर्थ है पढ़ना।
(2) अध्ययन प्रत्येक क्षेत्र की मूल समृद्धि का आधार है।
(3) अध्ययन के लिए असीमित विषय क्षेत्र हैं।
(4) आत्मिक शान्ति का लाभ पाया जा सकता है।

Why: गद्यांश की अंतिम पंक्ति — अध्ययन-मनन प्रत्येक क्षेत्र की मूल समृद्धि का आधार है — यही भाव व्यक्त करती है।

123.गद्यांश में अध्ययन के किस विषय का उल्लेख नहीं हुआ है?

(1) दर्शन
(2) विज्ञान
(3) इतिहास
(4) साहित्य

Why: गद्यांश में साहित्य, संगीत, विज्ञान, धर्म, दर्शन और मनोरंजन का उल्लेख है। इतिहास का उल्लेख नहीं है।

124.‘अध्ययन ने नए क्षितिज का उद्घाटन किया है।’ वाक्य से आशय है:

(1) अध्ययन से विकास का नया क्षेत्र सामने आया है।
(2) अध्ययन कल्पनाशीलता को पुष्ट करता है।
(3) नई-नई पुस्तकों का विमोचन होना ज़रूरी है।
(4) अध्ययन से अपार संभावनाओं के द्वार खुलते हैं।

Why: ‘नए क्षितिज का उद्घाटन’ का आशय है कि अध्ययन से नई और अपार संभावनाओं के द्वार खुलते हैं।

125.‘समृद्धि’ का अर्थ है -

(1) संपन्नता
(2) समिधा
(3) सम्राज्ञी
(4) सम्यक्

Why: समृद्धि का अर्थ है संपन्नता।

126.अध्ययन के द्वारा क्या प्राप्त किया जा सकता है?

(1) रुचियों का विस्तारण।
(2) कार्यों का निरीक्षण।
(3) सूचनाओं का संग्रहण।
(4) अंधविश्वासों का अधिग्रहण।

Why: गद्यांश के अनुसार अध्ययन से अपनी रुचियों को विस्तृत, जागृत और परिष्कृत किया जा सकता है।

127.उपसर्ग की दृष्टि से ‘समालोचना’ का विग्रह है -

(1) सम + आलोचना
(2) समा + लोचना
(3) सम् + आलोचना
(4) स + म + आलोचना

Why: समालोचना = सम् + आलोचना। इसमें ‘सम्’ उपसर्ग है।

128.‘पढ़ने के साथ गुनना’ का क्या तात्पर्य है?

(1) पढ़े गए पर वक्तव्य तैयार करना।
(2) पढ़कर पुनर्लेखन करना।
(3) पढ़कर याद कर लेना।
(4) पढ़े गए पर चिंतन मनन करना।

Why: गद्यांश के अनुसार ‘गुनना’ का अर्थ है — जो पढ़ा है उस पर गहराई से चिंतन-मनन करना।

Source text not reproduced. This question and the ones that follow it are based on an extract that is still in copyright, so it is not reprinted here. Read it in the official question paper, then use the questions below.

129.‘प्राचीन’ का विलोम है:

(1) अधीन
(2) भविष्य
(3) परंपरागत
(4) नवीन

Why: प्राचीन का अर्थ है पुराना। इसका विलोम नवीन है।

130.गद्यांश के अनुसार कौन-सा वाक्य सही है?

(1) विज्ञापन की आवश्यकता घटती जा रही है।
(2) सांस्कृतिक आयोजन विज्ञापन की दुनिया से अछूते हैं।
(3) विज्ञापन एक आधुनिक कला है।
(4) यह कला भी है और एक व्यवसाय भी है।

Why: गद्यांश में लिखा है कि विज्ञापन कला के साथ-साथ एक व्यवसाय भी बन गया है।

131.प्राचीन काल में विज्ञापन का क्या स्वरूप था?

(1) पत्र-पत्रिकाओं में विज्ञापन छपवाना।
(2) मुनादी द्वारा विज्ञापन करवाना।
(3) टी.वी. द्वारा विज्ञापन प्रसारित करवाना।
(4) रेडियो द्वारा विज्ञापन प्रसारित करवाना।

Why: गद्यांश के अनुसार प्राचीन काल में ढिंढोरा पीटना और मुनादी करना विज्ञापन के रूप थे।

132.‘विज्ञापन के क्षेत्र में क्रान्ति आई।’ वाक्य से आशय है -

(1) विज्ञापन का विषय-क्षेत्र घट रहा है।
(2) विज्ञापन की सार्थकता बढ़ गयी है।
(3) विज्ञापन के क्षेत्र में अभूतपूर्व परिवर्तन हुआ है।
(4) विज्ञापन से लोगों को जानकारी नहीं पहुँच रही है।

Why: क्रान्ति का अर्थ है बड़ा और अचानक परिवर्तन। अर्थात् विज्ञापन के क्षेत्र में अभूतपूर्व परिवर्तन हुआ।

133.विज्ञापन का सामान्य अर्थ क्या है?

(1) केवल सामान्य लोगों को जानकारी देना।
(2) सभी लोगों को भ्रमित करना।
(3) लोगों तक सूचनाएँ पहुँचाना।
(4) केवल विशिष्ट लोगों को संदेश देना।

Why: गद्यांश की पहली पंक्ति के अनुसार विज्ञापन का सामान्य अर्थ नई सूचना को जन-जन तक पहुँचाना है।

134.प्रत्यय की दृष्टि से कौन-सा शब्द भिन्न है?

(1) ललित
(2) शोधित
(3) उत्पादित
(4) निर्मित

Why: शोधित, उत्पादित और निर्मित में ‘इत’ प्रत्यय लगा है। ‘ललित’ मूल शब्द है, इसमें यह प्रत्यय नहीं है, इसलिए यह भिन्न है।

135.गद्यांश में विज्ञापन के किस स्वरूप का उल्लेख नहीं हुआ है?

(1) भित्ति लेखन
(2) रेडियो
(3) पत्र-पत्रिका
(4) टी.वी.

Why: गद्यांश में रेडियो, पत्र-पत्रिका और टी.वी. का उल्लेख है। भित्ति लेखन का उल्लेख नहीं है।

136.सभी शिक्षार्थी विद्यालय में अपनी शिक्षा मातृभाषा में सीखते हैं और जैसे-जैसे वे अगली कक्षाओं में जाते हैं, बहुत सी भाषाएँ सीखते चलते हैं। ‘शिक्षा में भाषा’ नीति के अनुसार इसे क्या कहेंगे?

(1) भाषा शिक्षा की नींव के रूप में मातृभाषा
(2) मातृभाषा आधारित बहुभाषावाद
(3) संस्कृति आधारित शिक्षा में भाषा नीति
(4) विद्यालयी शिक्षा के लिए त्रिभाषा सूत्र

Why: मातृभाषा से शिक्षा शुरू करके आगे कई भाषाएँ जोड़ते जाना मातृभाषा आधारित बहुभाषावाद है।

137.उत्पादक शब्द संपदा क्या है?

(1) वे शब्द जिन्हें हम पहचान नहीं पाते हैं।
(2) वे शब्द जिनका हम सुनने के दौरान कभी-कभी प्रत्यास्मरण करते हैं।
(3) वे शब्द जिनका प्रयोग हम लेखन और बोलने में करते हैं।
(4) वे शब्द जिन्हें हम सुनने पर पहचान पाते हैं।

Why: उत्पादक शब्दावली वे शब्द हैं जिनका प्रयोग हम लिखने और बोलने में करते हैं।

138.वह भाषा जो कक्षा में विविध प्रकार के विषय क्षेत्रों में प्रयुक्त की जाती है, अध्यापक उसे विद्यार्थियों को प्रस्तुत करते हैं और उसमें अन्त:क्रिया करते हैं। इस भाषा कौशल को क्या कहेंगे?

(1) भाषा प्रयुक्ति
(2) संज्ञानात्मक अकादमिक भाषायी निपुणता
(3) बुनियादी अन्त:वैयक्तिक संप्रेषण कौशल
(4) जीवन के वास्तविक उद्देश्यों के लिए भाषा

Why: विषयों की पढ़ाई में कक्षा में प्रयुक्त शैक्षिक भाषा संज्ञानात्मक अकादमिक भाषायी निपुणता (CALP) कहलाती है।

139.नियम उन्मुखी भाषा निवेश से क्या तात्पर्य है?

(1) वे निवेश जो सूचनाओं पर बल देते हैं।
(2) लिखना सीखने के लिए निवेश की संभाव्यता।
(3) भाषा सीखने के लिए निवेश का अर्थ
(4) शब्द संपदा, उच्चारण और व्याकरण का प्रयोग

Why: रूप अभिमुखी भाषा निवेश भाषा के रूपों — शब्दावली, उच्चारण और व्याकरण — से संबंधित है।

140.निम्नलिखित कथन में निहित व्याकरणिक ज्ञान के प्रकार से क्या तात्पर्य है? ‘नियमों के बारे में ज्ञान, उनका वर्णन करना और सीमित अभ्यास में उनका प्रयोग करना।’

(1) प्रक्रियात्मक ज्ञान
(2) घोषणात्मक ज्ञान
(3) दक्षता
(4) अधिसंज्ञानात्मक ज्ञान

Why: किसी रूप के बारे में जानना, उसका वर्णन करना और सीमित अभ्यास में लगाना घोषणात्मक (डिक्लेरेटिव) ज्ञान है।

141.निम्नलिखित कार्य को क्या कहा जाएगा? एक संक्षिप्त पाठ्यवस्तु के छोटे 2 खंड या प्रत्येक एक पंक्ति छोड़कर दूसरी पंक्ति शिक्षार्थियों को दो-दो के जोड़ों में दी जाती है। प्रत्येक शिक्षार्थी ने इसे अपने साथी को पढ़कर सुनाना है (डिक्टेट) और दूसरे ने लिखना है। फिर इस प्रक्रिया का विपरीतकरण होता है, दूसरा व्यक्ति सुनता है और पहला लिखता है और बाद में पाठ्य सामग्री को अन्तिम स्वरूप देने के लिए दोनों साथ मिलकर कार्य करते हैं।

(1) पारस्परिक श्रुतलेख
(2) व्याकरण श्रुतलेख
(3) प्रतिलेखन (ट्रांसक्रियेशन)
(4) अनुच्छेद श्रुतलेख

Why: जोड़ीदार बारी-बारी से एक-दूसरे को पाठ का हिस्सा बोलकर लिखवाते हैं और फिर पूरा पाठ बनाते हैं। यह पारस्परिक (म्यूचुअल) श्रुतलेख है।

142.भाषा शिक्षण में ‘सामग्री को शिक्षणशास्त्रीय रूप से अनुभव कर पाने’ से क्या तात्पर्य है?

(1) अध्यापक को अपनी कक्षा के लिए शिक्षणशास्त्र समझने के समर्थ बनाना।
(2) कक्षा में प्रयोग के लिए विभिन्न प्रकार की शिक्षणशास्त्रीय युक्तियों की सूची बनाना।
(3) भाषा शिक्षणशास्त्र को समुन्नत करने के लिए गतिविधियों और कार्यों को शामिल करना।
(4) अध्यापक को शिक्षणशास्त्र स्वीकार करने के समर्थ बनाने हेतु सामग्री को शिक्षणशास्त्र में शामिल करना।

Why: सामग्री का शिक्षणशास्त्रीय अनुभूतिकरण यानी शिक्षण विधि को सामग्री में ही शामिल करना, ताकि अध्यापक उसे अपना सके।

143.निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा अधिगम के लिए आकलन है?

(1) एक अवस्था विशेष में शिक्षार्थियों की उपलब्धि को निदानात्मक रूप से राज्य के द्वारा किया जाने वाला आकलन।
(2) प्रत्येक टर्म के अन्त में विद्यार्थियों की प्रगति का पर्यवेक्षण करने के लिए अभिकल्पित आकलन।
(3) वह आकलन जिसकी अभिकल्पना शिक्षण अधिगम प्रक्रिया के दौरान विद्यार्थियों की प्रगति का पर्यवेक्षण करने और उनमें सुधार लाने के लिए की जाती है।
(4) वह आकलन जिसकी अभिकल्पना वर्ष के अन्त में विद्यार्थियों की प्रगति जानने और उन्हें अगली कक्षा में भेजने के लिए

Why: अधिगम के लिए आकलन शिक्षण के दौरान विद्यार्थियों की प्रगति पर नज़र रखने और उसे सुधारने के लिए होता है।

144.आप निम्नलिखित में से किस कथन की काव्य शिक्षण अधिगम के लिए अनुशंसा नहीं करेेंगे?

(1) काव्य आनन्द के लिए है।
(2) काव्य व्याकरण शिक्षण के लिए है।
(3) काव्य शिक्षार्थियों की कल्पनाशीलता का अभ्यास करने के लिए है।
(4) काव्य भाषा के साथ कार्य करने के लिए है।

Why: कविता आनंद, कल्पना और भाषा के साथ काम करने के लिए है। उसे मुख्यतः व्याकरण पढ़ाने का साधन बनाना उचित नहीं।

145.निम्नलिखित कार्य में क्या शामिल है? शिक्षार्थियों को एक होटल की भोजन तालिका (मैन्यु कार्ड) दिया जाता है। उन्हें ` 1800 की राशि के अन्तर्गत चार लोगों के लिए भोजन के लिए कहना है। एक शाकाहारी है, दूसरे को मशरूम से एलर्जी है। उन्होंने इसमें से ` 70 वापसी यात्रा के लिए भी रखने है। शिक्षार्थी भोजन संबंधी अपनी प्राथमिकताएँ और वापसी यात्रा हेतु रखी जाने वाली राशि के बारे में बात कर रहे हैं।

(1) संज्ञानात्मक युक्तियाँ
(2) प्रस्तुति - अभ्यास - उत्पाद (भाषा)
(3) उच्च स्तरीय चिंतन कौशल
(4) अध्ययन संलग्नता - विमर्श - प्रयोग (भाषा)

Why: शिक्षार्थी मेन्यू का अध्ययन करते हैं, कार्य में लगते हैं, विकल्पों पर विचार करते हैं और भाषा का प्रयोग करके निर्णय लेते हैं। CBSE कुंजी इसे अध्ययन-संलग्नता-विमर्श-प्रयोग (SERU) मानती है।

146.भाषा अर्जन और भाषा अधिगम की सहजात परिकल्पना के बारे में कौन सा सही है?

(1) भाषा संकाय गंभीर अभ्यास और ड्रिल के माध्यम से बच्चों को भाषा उत्पन्न करने का गुण प्रदान करती है।
(2) भाषा को उत्पन्न करने और भाषा अर्जन हेतु भाषा संकाय बच्चों की स्थायी निधि है (उन्हें सम्पन्न बनाती है)।
(3) यह अभिभावकों, सहपाठियों और बच्चों के नज़दीक रहने वालों के प्रयास हैं और साथ-साथ भाषा अर्जन के लिए उत्तरदायी परिवेश है।
(4) भाषा केवल मनुष्य की अनूठी विशेषता है और केवल मनुष्य ही भाषा बोल सकते हैं।

Why: सहजात परिकल्पना के अनुसार बच्चों में मौजूद भाषा क्षमता ही भाषा के अर्जन और उत्पादन के लिए उत्तरदायी है।

147.निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सी गतिविधि बॉटम-अप श्रवण गतिविधि है?

(1) किसी के द्वारा सुनते समय गड्मड् (जम्बल्ड) शब्दों को वाक्यों में पुन:व्यवस्थित करना।
(2) कविता गाना, तुरन्ता (एक्सटम्पोर) व्याख्यान, वादविवाद और चर्चाएँ।
(3) श्रुतलेख, क्लोज श्रवण, बहुवैकल्पिक प्रश्नों का प्रयोग, सकारात्मक और नकारात्मक कथनों की पहचान करना।
(4) सारांशीकरण, समग्रसंदेश का श्रवण और पृष्ठभूमि संबंधी ज्ञान का प्रयोग करना।

Why: बॉटम-अप श्रवण ध्वनि, शब्द और वाक्य से अर्थ बनाता है। श्रुतलेख, क्लोज़ श्रवण और बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न ऐसी गतिविधियाँ हैं।

148.अधिगम अर्थ की खोज है। इसलिए अधिगम उन मुद्दों से आरम्भ होना चाहिए जिनमें शिक्षार्थी सक्रिय रूप से अर्थ खोजने की कोशिश कर रहे हैं। इस विचार की अनुशंसा कौन-सा शैक्षिक दर्शन करता है?

(1) बहुविध बुद्धि
(2) संरचनावाद
(3) व्यवहारवाद
(4) रचनावाद

Why: अधिगम को अर्थ की खोज मानना और शिक्षार्थियों के अपने प्रश्नों से शुरू करना रचनावाद का विचार है।

149.एक अध्यापक कक्षा 8 के शिक्षार्थियों को निम्नलिखित प्रदत्त कार्य देता है। इस प्रकार के लेखन को क्या कहा जाएगा? अपने सहपाठी (जोड़ीदार) के साथ मानस मंथन करो, विचार बिन्दु नोट करो और एक ऐसा लेखा तैयार करो जिसमें इस विषय पर पक्ष और विपक्ष के लिए दो-दो तर्क हों। टॉपिक - “विद्यार्थियों को मुद्रित पाठ्य पुस्तकें देने की आवश्यकता नहीं है।”

(1) विमर्शात्मक लेखन
(2) वर्णनात्मक लेखन
(3) निज लेखन
(4) व्याख्यात्मक लेखन

Why: किसी विषय के पक्ष और विपक्ष में तर्क देकर लिखना विमर्शात्मक (डिस्कर्सिव) लेखन है।

150.संध्या मशीन के बारे में जानकारी प्राप्त करने के लिए एक आलेख पढ़ती है। उसके इस पठन को क्या कहेंगे?

(1) सरसरी तौर पर पठन (स्किमिंग)
(2) बारीकी से पठन (स्केनिंग)
(3) सरसरी दृष्टि
(4) समीक्षा करना

Why: किसी विशेष जानकारी को ढूँढने के लिए पढ़ना बारीकी से पठन (स्कैनिंग) है।

CTET February 2026 — Paper II (Maths and Science)

Choose your language papers

Central Teacher Eligibility Test — February 2026
Paper II (Maths and Science)

Part I — Child Development and Pedagogy

Part II — Mathematics and Science

Part IV — Language I — English

Part V — Language II — Hindi

Answer Key

CTET February 2026 — Paper II (Maths and Science)

Choose your language papers

Central Teacher Eligibility Test — February 2026Paper II (Maths and Science)

Part I — Child Development and Pedagogy

Part II — Mathematics and Science

Part IV — Language I — English

Part V — Language II — Hindi

Answer Key

Central Teacher Eligibility Test — February 2026
Paper II (Maths and Science)